نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشیار گروه ایران شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه بوعلی سینا همدان، همدان،ایران
2 پسا دکترای گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه اراک، اراک،ایران
3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد تاریخ ،دانشگاه اراک، اراک، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژه‌ها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This research, entitled "A Study of Language and Gender in the Sermon of Shiqshiqiyya and the Sermon of Fadakiyya with Reference to Robin Lakoff's Theory", seeks to answer the fundamental question of whether linguistic theories concerning gender, particularly Robin Lakoff's theory regarding the existence of distinct linguistic patterns between "women's speech" and "men's speech", can be generalized to the religious texts of the early Islamic community. Lakoff, in her book Language and Woman's Place (1975), argued that women, due to their subordinate position in power structures, employ a more cautious, more indirect, and more polite language, including the more precise use of color terms, the frequent use of intensifying adverbs, the avoidance of taboo words and vulgarity, and a tendency toward tag-question structures. Although this perspective has been influential in the linguistics of gender, it has always encountered criticism from scholars of non-Western cultures, because it was formed on the basis of data from modern liberal Western societies and does not possess sufficient cultural generalizability.
In this research, the authors, aware of this limitation, undertake a comparative examination of two key sermons from the Ahl al-Bayt (AS): the Sermon of Fadakiyya, attributed to Hazrat Fatima al-Zahra (AS), and the Sermon of Shiqshiqiyya, which appears in Nahj al-Balagha and is attributed to Amir al-Mu'minin Ali (AS). These two sermons, in addition to their unparalleled historical importance in the political discourse of Islam, contain rich rhetorical styles and complex argumentative structures that make possible a precise linguistic analysis from the perspective of gender. The methodology of the research is a combination of discourse analysis and a descriptive-analytical approach, in which the linguistic indicators proposed by Lakoff—including the use of color terms, taboo words, intensifiers, empty adjectives, indirect structures, verbal hedges, and oaths—have been extracted and compared quantitatively and qualitatively in the two sermons. The textual sources have been analyzed on the basis of scholarly and authoritative editions.
The findings of the research are challenging; contrary to the predictions of Lakoff's theory, no significant difference was observed between the linguistic patterns of the two sermons in these indicators. Color terms in both texts were very limited and largely symbolic. Taboo words and harsh expressions, contrary to Lakoff's hypothesis, are clearly observable in the Sermon of Fadakiyya and are even more pronounced in certain respects than in the Sermon of Shiqshiqiyya. Likewise, the frequency of oaths in the Sermon of Shiqshiqiyya is greater than in the Sermon of Fadakiyya. Furthermore, both sermons possess a high degree of direct, definitive, and protestatory argumentative structures and stand at a considerable distance from the cautious and indirect language that Lakoff attributes to women's speech.
These findings indicate that the linguistic style in the discourse of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) was formed not on the basis of gender, but on the basis of the protestatory situation, religious legitimacy, and a shared worldview. The striking linguistic similarities between the two sermons, including the use of imperative verbs, threatening structures, and political metaphors, indicate a sharing in Ahl al-Bayt identity, common teachings, and the position of a rightful minority in the society after the demise of the Prophet (peace be upon him and his household).
This linguistic convergence admits of several interpretations: first, it may indicate the influence of the rhetorical culture of Arab society, in which the Holy Qur'an was the principal model of eloquence for both sexes; second, it may be evidence that in the political and religious discourses of early Islam, gender roles were overshadowed by ethical and political roles; and third, it may reflect a value-oriented approach that was formed beyond gender, on the basis of principles such as justice and the pursuit of rights.
The necessity of this research is threefold: (1) filling the research gap in Islamic rhetorical studies that have regarded gender as a secondary matter; (2) critically testing Western theories in non-Western contexts; (3) re-reading the discourse of the Ahl al-Bayt (AS) through an interdisciplinary historical-linguistic lens.
The principal contributions of this article include: (1) offering a new analysis of two key Islamic sermons with a focus on language and gender; (2) critiquing the concept of the generalizability of Lakoff's theory; (3) proposing an alternative model in which gender, as against religious-political identity, is considered a secondary factor in the formation of linguistic style.
Finally, Ali Ghofrani was responsible for the overall design of the research, the statement of the problem, the theoretical critique, and the final editing of the article; Reza Mohammadi carried out the methodology sections, data extraction, and quantitative analysis of the linguistic indicators; and Fatemeh Rouhi undertook the qualitative analysis of the sermons, the examination of historical sources, and the composition of the sections relating to the historical-religious context of the texts.
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