نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 طلبه سطح چهار تفسیر تطبیقی، جامعه الزهرا سلام الله علیها، قم، ایران
2 استادیار گروه قرآن و حدیث جامعه المصطفی العالمیه مجتمع حجتیه مدرسه عالی فقه و معارف اسلامی، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The meanings of the words of the Qur’an and their linguistic features serve as guides for understanding the intent of the Holy Qur’an. An eloquent speaker utilizes features of speech—such as definiteness or indefiniteness (maʿrifah/nakirah), omission or mention (ḥadhf/dhikr), precedence or postponement (taqdīm/taʾkhīr), amplification or conciseness (iṭnāb/ījāz), use of an apparent noun instead of a pronoun, grammatical shift (iltifāt), the wise style (uslūb ḥakīm), among others—to render speech appropriate to the listener's needs. By attending to these features, the speaker's intended meaning can be discerned. Conveying meaning through such linguistic features constitutes a beauty of discourse, rendering it concise yet rich and substantive. Ibn ʿĀshūr, author of Al-Taḥrīr wa al-Tanwīr, considers inimitability (iʿjāz) to be the harmony of speech with all contextual requirements (muqtada al-ḥāl), asserting that the Qur’an is a miracle in eloquence, rhetoric, and its utilization of muqtada al-ḥāl. Exegetes, in elucidating the meaning and intent of the Qur’an, have paid close attention to the linguistic features of tis text. Accordingly, they have meticulously articulated monotheistic teachings, historical knowledge, legal rulings, empirical sciences, and other domains of knowledge by carefully considering these distinctive linguistic features. The linguistic features of the Holy Qur’an constitute muqtada al-ḥāl. This concept is discussed in rhetorical sciences (balāghah) and some Qur’anic sciences works to serve the understanding of the Qur’an. Muqtada al-ḥāl is of two types: conformity with contextual requirements (muwāfiq muqtada al-ḥāl) and departure from contextual requirements (mukhālif muqtaḍā al-ḥāl).
Regarding the significance of this topic—the role of muqtada al-ḥāl in elucidating historical points of the Qur’an—it may be stated as follows: Historical narratives constitute one of the key domains of knowledge presented in the Qur’an. Given that the Qur’an is free from falsehood (as affirmed in Q. 41:42), and that God has guaranteed its preservation from distortion (15:9), and further considering that the Qur’an articulates every matter with the ultimate objective of guiding humanity—explicitly commanding reflection upon history, the biographies of past nations, and their ultimate fates—it follows that the Qur’an serves as a reliable and beneficial source for comprehending historical truths.
What has been discussed in rhetorical works regarding muqtada al-ḥāl primarily introduces the concept and explains secondary intentions (gharaḍ thanawī); other applications of muqtada al-ḥāl in comprehending the intent of an eloquent speaker, such as the Qur’an or Nahj al-Balāghah, have not been elaborated. Furthermore, the specific ways in which exegetes have employed muqtada al-ḥāl—i.e., features of words and speech—to derive teachings from the Qur’an have not been systematically identified, preventing others from modeling their approach. This article explicates the method of exegetes in using muqtada al-ḥāl to understand the historical points of the Qur’an. Particularly, the case of departure from contextual requirements (mukhālif muqtada al-ḥāl) is subtle and requires greater attention for identification. Although exegetes utilize this category in interpreting the Qur’an, for those seeking to learn their methods, a need exists to clarify and highlight this usage. The research question is: What is the role of muqtada al-ḥāl in the discourse of the Holy Qur’an? By presenting examples of exegetes’ use of muqtada al-ḥāl in understanding historical points from the Qur’an, it becomes evident that exegetes have employed muqtada al-ḥāl for this purpose, deriving precise historical insights from the contextual requirements present in verses or using it to confirm the narrated occasion of revelation (sabab al-nuzūl), as illustrated concerning Q. 17:85 and Q. 9:19. Neglecting muqtada al-ḥāl may deprive an exegete, translator, or careful student of the Qur’an from grasping the actuality of a historical narrative or the subtleties embedded in its telling within verses related to history. No prior research was found on the role of muqtada al-ḥāl in extracting historical material from the Holy Qur’an. Instances of conformity with contextual requirements (muwāfiq muqtaḍā al-ḥāl) identified in this research as evidence for understanding historical points include: mention/deliberate omission (dhikr/ḥadhf), definiteness (maʿrifah), adjective (ṣifah), prepositional phrase (jār wa majrūr), conditional statement (sharṭ), imperative verb (fiʿl amr), and interrogative (istifhām). Instances of departure from contextual requirements (mukhālif muqtaḍā al-ḥāl) addressed in this research include: grammatical shift (iltifāt), change of pronoun form, wise style (uslūb ḥakīm), use of an apparent noun instead of a pronoun, and using a verbal noun (maṣdar) in place of a non-maṣdar form. In this research, Tafsīr al-Mīzān was utilized more than other commentaries, as ʿAllāmah Ṭabāṭabāʾī extensively employed muqtada al-ḥāl in interpreting the Holy Qur’an. Muqtada al-ḥāl serves as a guide for understanding the following historical matters from the Holy Qur’an: 1. Characteristics of certain prophets, kings, individuals, and nations; 2. Information concerning certain places; 3. Information concerning certain times or eras; 4. Religious ordinances pertaining to certain past nations; 5. Customs and practices of people (e.g., dowry).
Authors’ Contribution:
Marzieh Mansourian, a Level Four (Higher Seminary Education) student of Comparative Exegesis, was responsible for authoring this article. Mr. Mohammad Fallahi Qomi, as the corresponding author, supervised the writing process and provided necessary guidance for its composition, completion, and revision.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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