نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار گروه تاریخ دانشگاه پیام نور، تهران، ایران.
2 دکتری تاریخ ایران اسلامی
3 کارشناس ارشد تاریخ ایران اسلامی
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The conquest of Baghdad in 334 AH by the Buyid government with Shiite tendencies is considered a turning point in the political history of the Shiites. The geography of Baghdad during this period included various populations with different languages and cultures, such as Arabs, Persians, Daylamites, Turks and Kurds, who lived in this city. Alongside these tribes, various religions and sects, such as Islam, Christianity, Judaism, Imami Shia, Zaydi Shia, Shafi'i Sunni, Hanbali Sunni, Hanafi Sunni and Maliki Sunni, were active, and they had many differences with each other. These differences, which were mostly between the Shiites and the Sunni sects, especially the Hanbalites, in some cases led to bloody conflicts. The Abbasid Caliphate also sided with the Sunnis in all disputes and on several occasions attempted to suppress the Shiites and destroy their famous mosque called Baratha. After capturing the city, Mu'ad al-Dawla Ahmad, the conqueror of Baghdad, treated the Shiites, including the Zaidis and the Imamis, with appropriate behavior. With the power he had, he neutralized the hostile actions of the caliphs and followers of Sunni sects against the Shiites and left them free to perform their religious rituals. He celebrated the martyrdom ceremony of Imam Hussein (AS) on the day of Ashura with particular enthusiasm and mobilized the government organs to better organize this ceremony. Holding the Ghadir Khum festival and visiting the graves of the pure Imams were other actions of Mu'ad al-Dawla in support of the Shiites. Of course, he also treated other sects and heavenly religions with tolerance and tolerance, and left them free to perform their religious rituals, but favoritism towards the Shiites was evident in his behavior and actions. This approach was also followed during the reign of his son, Izz al-Dawlah Bakhtiar. For the first time, during Izz al-Dawlah's reign, Shiites were allowed to publicly recite "Hayy ali khair al-amal" in their prayers. However, due to his incompetence in governing the Shiites during this period, they suffered a lot of damage. Therefore, the present article seeks to answer the question of what similarities and differences existed between the approaches of Mu'ad al-Dawlah Ahmad and Izz al-Dawlah Bakhtiar in dealing with the Shiites of Baghdad, and why were the conditions of the Shiites better during Mu'ad al-Dawlah's reign than during Izz al-Dawlah's? According to the findings of this research, both Buyid rulers, despite their religious tolerance, intended to support the Shiites more than other sects. Mu'ad al-Dawlah accomplished this goal well with the power he had; The Shiites gained great influence during his reign. In addition to freely practicing their religious rituals, they also held positions in the Baghdad government, and two of the emirs of the Hajj of the caliphate were elected from among the Shiites for the first time. However, Izz al-Dawlah, due to his inability to manage affairs, spread religious chaos, which greatly harmed the Shiites. Their neighborhoods were burned by extremist Sunnis, who were mostly from the Hanbali religious sect. A large number of Shiites were killed, and prosperity and development in the wealthy Shiite neighborhood of Karkh disappeared, and the merchants of this region fled. This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical approach and aimed at analyzing the approach of Mu'ad al-Dawlah and Izz al-Dawlah in confronting the Shiites of Baghdad.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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