نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، گروه تاریخ اسلام، دانشکده مطالعات اسلامی، دانشگاه ادیان و مذاهب، قم، ایران
2 دکتری، مدیریت راهبردی فضای سایبر، دانشگاه عالی دفاع ملی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Takfir is considered as one of the religious challenges in today's world, with a long history in Abrahamic religions. Among Muslims, takfir, especially in the contemporary era, has led to bloody challenges reflecting jurisprudential, theological, and even political issues. In fact, after the development of the Islamic state in Medina (the ten-year Nabawi period), the issue of takfir was one of the recognized beliefs among Muslims. This issue, after the departure of the Prophet (PBUH), underwent transformations through the first and second Hijri centuries, transformations that have remained hidden from historians. Finally, by the third Hijri century, the nature of takfir transcended intellectual-political and ideological layers, evolving from a simple intellectual framework (ideological takfir) into
a complex theory with various functions. How takfir emerged in the Islamic world,
what changes it underwent and how and why it spread, still represent research gaps in understanding the evolution of the thought of takfir. The aim of the current research is to investigate the process of development and the trend of expansion of takfir in the Islamic world during the first three Hijri centuries. This issue is done to achieve the historical evolution of takfir, as understanding how takfir was developed and comprehending its periods of expansion fills a research gap in this regard and utilizing the explanation of this historical experience prevents the formation of new platforms for the development of takfir in the contemporary Islamic world. The present research endeavors to examine library-based historical, hadith, theological, and interpretive works written about takfir in the first three centuries. With the methodology of "evolutionary study"—meaning the recognition of the levels of change in the nature of Islamic takfir and understanding its levels in different historical periods (a three-century timeframe)—this research seeks to investigate what, how, and why of the changes in the nature of takfir in the first three centuries. Furthermore, what evolutions have occurred in the thought of takfir among the Islamic societies in the timeframe of the first three Hijri centuries, what process these changes have undergone, what levels they have passed through, and what diverse products they have yielded. The research hypothesis is that takfir, over the first three Hijri centuries, influenced by the political, cultural, intellectual, and jurisprudential factors within the religious understanding of hadith scholars, gradually transformed from a purely ideological perspective into a multidimensional theory encompassing various domains including beliefs, jurisprudence, and politics. The findings of the research indicate that takfir emerged from a simple intra-religious structure and, after undergoing the process of transformation from an individual behavior (stemming from social conditions) into a political and social matter, gradually acquired a political function under the influence of states. Subsequently, through the efforts of theologians, it became a theological theory. This new understanding of takfir was, through jurists, given a jurisprudential dimension and was extensively applied in various places against jurisprudential opponents (Sunni jurisprudence). Finally, the
new nature of takfir entered the social arena in the form of a new version (a different understanding of religion) and became a religious tool for eliminating political-intellectual rivals. Historically, a part of this evolutionary process occurred in the first century and a part in the second and third centuries, but its theoretical formulation mostly took place in the second and third centuries. At the beginning of the first century, takfir was primarily ideological, but gradually acquired political undertones. In this period, the frameworks of takfir were still not very complex, mostly simple, and involved concepts of belief. However, in the second century, takfir became an ideological tool with a political function, serving the states, especially the Umayyad government. During these same years, groups like the Khawarij expanded the scope of takfir, turning it into a theory. Finally, in the third century (the era of theological debates and the expansion of theology), takfir was theorized and conceptualized by the theologians. The aim of this new development was to include non-co-religionists within the scope of takfir, a new interpretation that empowered rulers in their dealings with opponents by an ideological backing as a political matter. In this period, theologian-jurists transformed the scope of takfir from a jurisprudential matter (with a limited audience) into a theological matter with a jurisprudential approach (with a broad audience), and this marked the beginning of widespread sectarian violence in the fourth century, particularly in Baghdad.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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