نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دکتری، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
Criticism as a social and political phenomenon is an inherent and universal phenomenon that has had an active presence in all historical periods, regardless of the ruling government system. This action has challenged human societies in various dimensions, from criticizing micro-mechanisms to protesting macro-structures of political power. In the domain of politics, as in contemporary times, criticizing those in power, including sultans, ministers, and other high-ranking officials, has always been one of the main concerns of critical movements. However, the method and means of expressing these criticisms depend on the intensity of the concentration of power and the degree of political tolerance prevailing in that particular period of time and place. In the historical context
of Iran, and specifically in the Seljuk era, which is known for its centralized and often authoritarian administrative system, the explicit and direct expression of criticism brought numerous security and social risks to the critic. Therefore, the cultural and literary elites of that era turned to more indirect and subtle methods, with satire literature emerging as the most effective and efficient tool in this regard. The term satire today, in the context of the classical literature of the Seljuk era, was presented in more precise literary forms such as satire, which had a sharper and more targeted tone, and humor, was more about character destruction or moral satire, as well as irony and sarcasm, and was always expressed with great caution by considering the dangers of the government. The nature of this literary genre required that criticism of the ruling system was often presented in a veiled and indirect manner; Although there are also instances of explicit criticism in the texts of that period, which indicate the courage of some critics at certain points in history. The main function of humor at this time was not simply to create joyful moments, but rather pursued deeper social and political goals. These goals were trying to improve the general condition of society, exposing hidden issues of the power structure, and applying structural criticism to the performance of official officials. These criticisms were conveyed to the reader by using artistic and often subtle techniques, such as comparing rulers to animals or poor symbols, applying intelligent humiliation, and creating exaggerated verbal contradictions. The central issue of the present research focuses on explaining the mechanism of this phenomenon that, in the political and cultural structure of Iran during the Seljuk era, why, how the literary tool of humor was used to criticize men of power, and what were the reactions of the ruling apparatus and society toward this critical expression. Considering the policies governing Seljuk society, this research relying on the analytical approach aims to examine the way society interacted with the ruling apparatus through the humor, the specific modes of expression of these critiques, and the multifaceted functions of this literary genre. This research was conducted with a descriptive-analytical method and aimed to extract and accurately understand the critical culture of Iranian society in relation to the criticism of politicians. The results show that the criticism in the form of humor, despite its inherent dangers and the risk to the critic's life, could fulfill vital functions. These functions included effectively and widely informing the public about the current situation, facilitating the correction of functions in the government apparatus by providing indirect feedback, and also providing a path of individual liberation for the critic (liberation from the constraints of direct expression). Humor during this era acted as a breathing space for the society and allowed bitter truths to be expressed in a veil of irony and humor. This phenomenon indicates the high cultural and literary maturity of the Seljuk society, which was able to use a powerful tool to maintain social balance and apply structural criticism through literary aesthetics within the framework of political restrictions, and this dynamic interaction between criticism and power formed an important part of the social dynamics of that era.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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