نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
دکتری، گروه تاریخ اسلام، دانشگاه باقرالعلوم(ع)، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
The Ukhaidari State was the first Shiite state in the central regions of the Arabian Peninsula that emerged in the middle of the third century A.H, simultaneously with the Abbasid Caliphate. The roots of the formation of this state go back to the uprising of Ismail ibn Yusuf al-Ukhaider in Mecca in 251 A.H; an uprising that only conquered Mecca for fifty days, however, it paved the way for the emergence of a stable state. After Ismail's death, his brother Muhammad al-Ukhaider took over the leadership of this movement and, after being defeated by the Abbasid army, went to Yamamah and chose the city of Khizrama as the center of government in 253 A.H. The geographical, economic conditions, and relative distance of Yamamah from the center of the caliphate allowed this family to rule parts of Najd for nearly two centuries. Although the limited Abbasid invasions and Qarametah pressure on the region had some effects on their authority, the main factor in the fall of this state was especially the internal mismanagement and political conflicts among the Ukhaideri rulers. Despite the importance of this state in Shiite political history, the lack of sources and the dispersion of reports have made research on it difficult. This article, using a descriptive-analytical method and relying on the existing historical sources, examines the contexts of the emergence and factors of the collapse of the Ukhaideri state, and emphasizes the need for additional research in this domain. The main issue of the research is how and on what grounds the "Ukhaideri" state - the first Shiite state in the Arabian Peninsula - was developed, and what internal and external factors led to the collapse of this local government. The main question of the research is: Why the Ukhaideri dynasty was able to establish an independent state in the heart of the Arabian Peninsula in the third century A.H and how these or other factors led to its dissolution. The research is based on the descriptive-analytical method and relies on the historical sources. The results of the research are as follows: First, confirming the proposition that the Ukhaideri ruled in Khidramah at least from about 253 A.H onwards, moreover, their survival until the middle of the fifth century A.H can be proven; Second, presenting the convincing arguments indicating that their real territory was limited to Khidramah and parts of Yamamah and not to the entire peninsula; Third, identifying and distinguishing three main factors of collapse, including economic mismanagement that led to the migration and weakening of economic foundations, bloody family disputes among the Ukhaideri emirs that destroyed the political cohesion, as well as the military and political pressures from the regional powers such as the Qarametah and Abbasids. In general, the development, and decline of Ukhaideri should be the product of the convergence of local and regional factors; The state that emerged from the Alawi uprising in Mecca and it was able to survive by choosing Khizrama as a political-economic refuge and benefiting from the geographical features of Yamama, but managerial incompetence and internal conflicts, along with the external threats, led to their gradual collapse.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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