نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 استادیار، مجتمع آموزشی عالی شهید محلاتی، قم، ایران
2 استاد، گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران
3 استادیار، گروه تاریخ، دانشگاه مذاهب اسلامی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This research examines one of the critical periods in the history of early Islam, namely the era of the governance of Muawiyah ibn Abu Sufyan (41-64 A.H) and the impact of his policies on the intellectual-political movement of the "Qarra’" in the city of Kufa. The Qarra’, who were among the religious and social elites and mainly Qur'an reciters and scholars, were always attracted by the rulers due to their influence on theology and intellectual authority among the masses. The main issue is how and by what means Muawiyah was able to align and co-opt a significant part of this influential group, many of whom had previously been in the army of Imam Ali (A.S), with himself, and what fateful consequences this convergence had in major events such as the Battle of Siffin and the Ashura uprising. In this regard, the objectives of the present study are as follows: Explaining the grounds and factors for the convergence of a group of prominent Kufa reciters with Muawiyah's policies, Identifying and analyzing the tools and mechanisms used by Muawiyah to attract reciters (such as changing the demographic context, strengthening Ottoman thinking, luring, threatening, forging hadiths, and the policy of confronting the Companions with the Ahl al-Bayt). Examining the reflections and consequences of this convergence in the two historical events of the Battle of Siffin and the uprising of Imam Hussein (A.S). Filling the research gap in studying the special role of Kufa reciters as a reference group in the political developments of the early Umayyad era. Studying the role of elites in the historical developments is the key to a precise understanding of events. Despite the scattered research on the reciters or policies of Muawiyah, the present study specifically addresses the “intersection” of these two issues. The lack of independent research that has systematically analyzed the impact of Muawiyah’s policies on the convergence of the reciters of Kufa and its consequences demonstrates the necessity of this study. The innovation of this article lies in focusing on the students of Abdullah ibn Mas’ud and other prominent Qurani figures of Kufa who changed their positions under the influence of these policies and their role as the “missing link” in the analysis of events such as Ashura has been explored. This study can be a beacon for understanding the foundations of convergence and divergence in today’s Islamic society. This study was conducted using a “descriptive-analytical method” and relying on primary historical and hadith sources. Historical data were first described and then analyzed and explored within the framework of the research questions. The results showed that Muawiyah, simultaneously and systematically applied a set of hard (threats, physical removal, exile) and soft (financial enticement, fabrication of hadith, historical distortion) policies through the correct understanding of the influence of reciters. Muawiyah's most effective tool was the "policy of confrontation between the Companions and the Ahl al-Bayt (A.S.)" and "fabrication and dissemination of hadiths" about the virtue of the caliphs and the sanctification of Uthman and himself, which was able to create a rift in the religious beliefs of the reciters. The reflection of these policies in the Battle of Siffin was the creation of doubt and rift in the army of Imam Ali (A.S.) and ultimately, the acceptance of arbitration. In the event of Ashura, most of the prominent reciters of Kufa either remained silent or directly served the Umayyad regime. The silence of these religious authorities confused the people and paved the way for Imam Hussein (A.S.) to be left alone. The results of this research show how power can direct public opinion and influence history by using religion as a tool and seducing elites.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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