نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسنده
استادیار، گروه تاریخ تشیع، پژوهشکده تاریخ و سیره اهل بیت(ع)، پژوهشگاه علوم و فرهنگ اسلامی، قم، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسنده [English]
Research on the political life of the Shiites in the era of the Imams holds special significance due to their close association with infallible Imams (PBUT). The period following Ashura uprising marks a new phase of political developments for the Shiites whose actions varied in response to the unique conditions after the revolt. Among these, the Alawites prominently influenced the political life of the Shiites. Employing a historical method of research along with the description and analysis of historical reports, this study seeks to answer the question on what impact the political views of the Alawites had on the political life of the Shiites up to the rise of the Abbasids. The unity and cohesion of the Muslim community, established through the efforts of the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and his companions, were disrupted immediately after his departure. According to the Shiites’ political thought, God has granted the right of the leadership and governance to the Prophet and subsequently to the infallible Imams (PBUT), making the appointment of an Imam a divine matter and a fundamental principle of faith. In contrast, related to the issue of the government, Sunnites believe in the caliphate system wherein the caliph is chosen through various means such as popular selection, designation by the preceding caliph,
or consultation. The primary challenge faced by the Shiites in their relations with other Muslims and non-Shiite rulers stems from this political doctrine, although there are internal differences among Shiites regarding how to confront governments. The critical and oppositional presence of the Hashemites and Alawites in politics resulted from the misguided policies of the Umayyad caliphs—especially the ethnic favoritism of the Umayyad during Othman’s reign (23-35 A.H)—and the political privileges granted to them, which provoked opposition from some social groups. A brief overview of Shiites’ political life until the Abbasid rise reveals changing circumstances and, consequently, diverse Shiites’ reactions, ranging from accommodation and non-military opposition to armed resistance contrasted with the policy of dissimulation practiced by Imams (PBUT). The Twelver Imams and their followers opposed direct armed confrontation and rebellion after Ashura and refrained from military activism. However, other Shiite groups held differing views and undertook various actions. The Kisaniyeh, believing in the Imamate
of Mohammad ibn Hanafiyeh (d. 81 A.H), the non-Fatimid son of Imam Ali (PBUH), represented the first schism in Shiites’ political thought by introducing a new doctrine of Imamate. Subsequently, Zaidi Alawites advocated for the necessity of armed resistance, presenting a novel approach to confront the governments. The policy of dissimulation advanced by Imam Baqer (PBUH) and Imam Sadeq (PBUH), in a socio-political context where some Shiites felt the need for an active resistance was not accepted by many Shiites, so that, some of whom turned away from the Sadeqin and aligned themselves with the revolutionary views of Zaid ibn Ali (d. 122 A.H), and formed a new group. The Hassanid Alawites comprised a third group, further contributing to divisions among the Shiites. Descendants of Imam Hassan al-Mojtaba (PBUH), especially during the era of the Sadeqin (PBUT), largely did not follow the political approaches of the infallible Imams (PBUT) and briefly embraced the revolutionary and anti- dissimulation ideas of Zaid. The historical accounts indicate significant political differences among the Alawites, resulting in two main approaches: (1) a political-theological approach based on reform advocated by the followers of Imams (PBUT), and (2) a political-military approach aligned with opponents of the caliphate. This fragmentation led to a lack of cohesion in Shiites’ political life, divergence in methods of resistance, and ultimately the emergence of new sects. Contrary to the military opposition pursued by some Alawites, the primary aim of the dissimulation policy of the Imams (PBUT) was to preserve the security and stabilize the social, political, and economic status of the Shiites, while avoiding retaliatory measures from the caliphate against the Imams and their followers.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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