نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه ازاد اسلامی واحد شاهرود
2 گروه تاریخ دانشگاه آزاد شاهرود
3 گروه تاریخ دانشگاه ازاد شاهرود
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
Objective: The aim of this research is to examine the process of Shiism among the Turkic-speaking tribes of Asia Minor and the interpretation of the Sufi elites of the Anatolian region of Shiism and the spread of ritual-ritual Shiism in Anatolian society in the 6th to 10th centuries AH and its impact on the connection between Shiism and Sufism.
Method: This research has been written and compiled based on the common method in research in the fields of humanities and history or descriptive-analytical studies. In fact, the present research aims to examine the relationship between Sufi tendencies and Shiite rituals and rites and its impact on the Shiism of the Anatolian Alawites. This is something that researchers have rarely addressed in the discussion of the connection between Shiism and Sufism.
Findings: The results of the research show that factors such as: the influence of Iranian culture on Asia Minor, the contemporaneity of the connection between ritual Shiism and Sufism in the 8th and 9th centuries AH/13th and 14th centuries CE, and especially the specific religious attitude and practice of the Turkic-speaking nomads of the region, caused that with the consolidation of the process of Islamization, Sufism inclined to some Shiite rituals became widespread as a type of religious vision among the inhabitants of Anatolia. A trend that became a prominent aspect of the religion of some of the inhabitants of Asia Minor after the Mongol invasion. One of the effective factors for the spread of non-juristic Shiism in Anatolia was the spread of Sufi orders and the mixing of their teachings with Shiite Ghalian beliefs. In fact, from the sixth century onwards, under the influence of the primitive and vulgar attitude of the Anatolian Turkmen tribes and the lack of Shiite scientific and cultural centers in Anatolia, numerous Sufi orders with eclectic beliefs emerged, in which: a type of Islam was propagated that was compatible with the ancient religious customs and habits of the tribes and was opposed to the traditional system of Islam and the Sharia and the scholarly and jurisprudential reading of Shiite. Regardless of the reason for naming the Anatolian Shiites as Alawites, since the Shiism of the Turkic-speaking inhabitants of Anatolia during the Middle Ages of Islam was influenced by esoteric beliefs and Sufi teachings that were mushribane and contrary to Ja'fari jurisprudence, the Alawism of the Shiites of this region was based on the centrality of Imam Ali (AS) and the interpretation and image that the Shiite Sufis presented of that Imam to the tribes of Asia Minor. It is worth noting that after the Ottoman conquest of Asia Minor, and with the severing of the scientific connection of the Anatolian Shiite elders with the centers of jurisprudence and Shiite seminaries, the opportunity for the Alawites to benefit from the teachings of the Ahl al-Bayt (a.s.) and to strengthen the foundations of the Shiite thought of the Turkish-speaking Alawites was lost.
Conclusion: During the process of Islamization in Asia Minor, although Islam was introduced by the political system, the persistence of ancient teachings and the folk understanding of religious culture led to the fusion of quasi-mystical perceptions and radical religious teachings. The nomadic community residing in Anatolia, which did not have the capacity to benefit from religious teachings of jurisprudence, under the guidance of Sufi sheikhs, made its tolerant and ritualistic understanding of the religion of Islam and the Shiite religion the criterion of religiousness. The so-called Alawite community, which today constitutes the majority of the Shiites in that country in Turkey, are the survivors of such non-jurisprudential and Sufi Shiism.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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