The Role of Customs and requirements of Time in Issuing Non-religious Decrees in the Age of Presence; A Case Study of the Process of Issuing Temporary Marriage Decree

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Faculty member of hozeh and university institute of Qom, Iran

2 Professor of history department, University of Tehran, Iran

3 Professor of Law and Jurisprudence department, Hozeh and university institute of Qom, Iran

10.22081/hiq.2022.58032.2060

Abstract

Paying attention to the role of custom and the requirements of time in issuing non-religious decrees can provide the grounds for the researchers of Islamic sciences. Despite conducting numerous researches on "temporary marriage" and the efforts made to analyze its jurisprudential, theological and social dimensions, it seems that the basis for issuing these decrees has not been investigated as it should be. However, since the first years of Hijri, the decrees of temporary marriage have been disputed by the issuers of decrees and are among the most challenging issues among the ordinaries and Imami religions. The present article, done through the  descriptive method, tries to illustrate the process and mechanism of issuing these decrees in the era of the Prophet (PBUH), Caliphs and Imams (PBUH). The results of the research clarify the serious effect of the common rules among the people, as well as the political and social conditions of the era of the Imamate (A.S) in issuing obligatory and preferential decrees on temporary marriage.

Keywords

Main Subjects

Article Title [العربیة]

دور العرف و مقتضیات الزمان فی إصدار الأحکام الغیر العبادیة فی عصر الظهور؛ قراءة فی طرق إصدار حکم الزواج المنقطع

Abstract [العربیة]

إنّ الاهتمام بدور العرف و مقتضیات الزمان المرتبطة بإصدار الأحکام الغیر العبادیة، یمکنها فتح زوایا و مسارات جدیدة أمام باحثی العلوم الإسلامیة. على الرغم من وجود الأبحاث المتعددة حول "الزواج المنقطع" و السعی لتبیین الأبعاد الفقهیة، الکلامیة، و الاجتماعیة له، فإنّ سیاق اصدار هذه الأحکام لم یتم بحثه کما ینبغی، على الرغم من أنّ أحکام الزواج المنقطع هی محل نقاش مصدری الأحکام منذ السنوات الأولى للهجرة، و یعتبر من المسائل المهمة بین العامة و مذهب الإمامیة. تتطرق هذه المقالة للحدیث حول طریقة و مراحل إصدار هذه الأحکام فی عصر النبی و فی عصر الخلفاء و الأئمة علیهم السلام. و تشیر نتائج هذا البحث الى التأثیر الهام للقواعد و الأعراف الرائجة بین الناس، بالإضافة الى الشروط السیاسیة و الاجتماعیة فی عصر الأئمة، خاصة فیما یتعلق بصدور الأحکام التکلیفیة الإلزامیة و الترجیحیة للزواج المنقطع.

Keywords [العربیة]

  • عصر حضور المعصومین
  • الزواج المنقطع
  • الأحکام الشرعیة غیر العبادیة
  • الأرضیة الاجتماعیة للحکم الشرعی

References

Holy Quran.
Ibn Abi Shiba, Abdollah Ibn Mohammad, 1429 A. H, al-Mosnaf fi Al- Ahadith va al-Athaar, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr  publications.
Ibn Athir, Bita, Asad al-Ghaba fi Mafareh al-Sahabah, Beirut, Dar al-Kotob al-Alami.
Ibn Habib, Mohammad Bin Habib, Bita, Al-Mohbar, Research: Ilze Lichten-Steiter, Beirut, Dar al-Afaq Al-Jadidah.
Ibn Hajar Asqalani, Ahmad Bin Ali, Bita, Al-Asaba fi Tami'iz Sahabah, research: Ali Mohammad Mauwad and Adel Ahmed Abdol Mojood, introduction: Abdol Fattah Abu Saneh and Mohammad Abdol Man'eem Bari, Beirut, Dar al-Ketab al-Alamiya, Mohammad Ali Bezon pamphlets.
Ibn Sa'd, Bita, Tabaqat al-Kabari, Beirut, Dar al- Sader.
Ibn Shabah Nemiri, Omar, 1410 A. H, History of Madinah al-Monawarah, research: Habib Mahmoud Ahmad, Qom, Dar al-Fekr.
Ibn Abdol-Barr, 1412 A.H., al-Istiyab, research: Ali Muhammad al-Bajawi, Beirut, Dar al-Jeil.
Ibn Asaker, 1415 A.H., History of Medina of Damascus, research: Ali Shiri, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr.
Ibn Qotaiba, Bita, Imamate and Politics, Al-Halabi, Publishing and Distribution Company.
Ibn Kalbi, Hesham ibn Mohammad, 1419 A. H, al-Arab, Beirut, Dar al-Hadi.
Ibn Abi al-Hadid, Abdol-Hamid bin Heibatollah, 1364, Commentary on Nahj al-Balagha, Qom, Ismailian Institute.
Ibn Hajar Asqalani, 1424 A. H, Fath al-Bari fi Sharh e Sahih al-Bokhari, Beirut.
Ibn Manzoor, 1956, Lesan al-Arab, Beirut, Dar al- Sader.
Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Bita, Masnad Ahmad, Beirut, Dar al- Sader.
Asadi, Mohammad, 2018, "Legal perspective of temporary marriage", Islamic jurisprudence and law research journal, number 3.
Alousi, Seyed Mahmoud Shokri, Bita, Bolugh al-Arab, Research: Mohammad Behjat Ethari, Beirut, Dar Al-Kotob al-Eslamiyah.
Badamchi and others, winter 2014, "Temporary Marriage in Zoroastrianism and Islam", Women, Culture and Art Quarterly, Volume 7, Number 4.
Bay, Hossein Ali, 2014, Philosophy of Jurisprudence, Research: Institute of Islamic Culture and Thought.
Bokhari, 1401 A. H, Sahih al-Bokhari, Bija, Dar al-Fekr.
Go, Towfiq, 2001, Tarikh al-Arab al-Qadim, Bija, Dar al-Fekr.
Borujerdi, Seyed Hossein, 2009, Sources of Shiite jurisprudence, Vol. 26, Farhang Sabz Publications.
Belazari, Ahmad ibn Yahya, 1959, Ansab al-Ashraf, Research: Dr. Mohammad Hamidollah, Egypt, Institute of Manuscripts in the League of Arab States in collaboration with Dar al-Maaref in Egypt.
Beihaqi, Ahmad ibn Hossein, 1419 A. H, Al-Sonan al-Kabari, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr.
Termanini, Abdol Salam, 1409 A. H., Marriage among Arabs, Aleppo, Dar al-Qalam al-Arabi.
Tha'alabi, Ahmad bin Mohammad, 1422 A. H, Al-Kashf Wa al- bayan, Beirut, Ehya al-Torath al-Arabi.
Hakim Neishaburi, Bita, Al-Mostadrak Ali Al-Sahihin, Dar al-Haramin.
Zahabi, Mohammad ibn Ahmad, 2012, Mizan al-E'tedal, Beirut, Dar al-Marefa publications.
Zahabi, Mohammad ibn Ahmad, 1413 A. H, Journal of Al -Nabla, Research: Hossein al -Sa'd, Beirut, Al -Rasali Institute.
Zobeidi, Mohammad ibn Mohammad Morteza, 1409 A. H, Taj al-Arus, Research: Hossein Nasser, Beirut, Dar al-Hadaya.
Zamani Moqaddam, Masoud, autumn 2017, "Sociological study of the institution of temporary marriage in the social history of Iran (from ancient Iran to the end of the Qajar period)", social sciences (Allameh Tabatabai University), number 82.
Sotoudeh, Mohammadreza and Habibollahi, Mahdi, Spring and Summer 2013, "Examination of Shia, Sunni and Orientalist commentators' views on the distorted narrations of the Mut'ah verse", Qur'an and Hadith Studies, No. 14.
Sa' eed bin Mansour, 1428 A. H, Sunan Sa'eed ibn Mansour, Riyaz, Dar al-Sami'i.
Siyuti, Abdol Rahman ibn Abi Bakr, Bita, Al-Manthor fi Taqsir al-Mathor, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr.
Shafi'i, Mohammad ibn Edris, 1423 A.H., Al-Umm, research: Mohammad Ahmad Abdol Aziz, proofreading and research: Mahmoud Motarji, Beirut, Dar al-Ketab al-Alamiyah.
Shafi'i, Mohammad Ibn Edris, 1358 A. H, Resalah, Research: Ahmad Shaker, Egypt, Al-Halabi School.
Sharifpour and others, spring and summer 2014, "Comparative study of the ruling on Nekah Mot'ah from the point of view of Sheikh Tusi and Abu Hanifeh", Fundamentals of Islamic Law, No. 15.
Sadouq, Mohammad ibn Ali, 1404 A. H, Man La Yahzaraho al-Faqih, research: Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Qom, Jameat al-Modarresin.
Sarami, Saifollah, 1380, Governmental decrees and expediency, Strategic Research Center of Expediency Assessment Forum, Tehran, Abir Publications, 1380.
Saliba, Lewis, 2016, Sonnah va Shiah; Religions: the discussion of conflict between them in al-Mot'ah, Beirut, Dar and al-Maktab, Babylon.
San'ani, Abdol Razzaq, Bita, Al-Manaf, research: Habib al-Rahman al-A'zami, Al Majles al-Elmi.
Tabarsi, Fazl ibn Ali, 1415 A. H, Majma al-Bayan, Beirut, Al-A'lami Institute.
Tabari, Mohammad ibn Jarir, 1375, Tarikh Tabari, Asatir Publications.
Tabari, Mohammad ibn Jarir, Bita, Jame' al -Bayan fi Tafsir Al -Qor'an, Beirut, Dar al -Ma'refah.
Tabasi, Najmeddin, 1375, temporary marriage in the sayings of the Companions, Dalil e Ma Publications.
Tousi, Mohammad ibn Hassan, 1365, Tahzib al-Ahkam, introduction: Shahabeddin Mar'ashi, Tehran, Farahani.
Tousi, Mohammad bin Hassan 1390, Al-Estebsar, research: Seyyed Hassan Mousavi Khorsan, Tehran, Dar al-Kotob al-Eslamiyah.
Ameli, Jafar Morteza, 1423 A. H, Zawaj al Mot'ah; Research and Study, Beirut, Al Markaz al Eslami le Darasat.
Abdol-Majid Mohammad, Mahmud, 1411 A. H, Hoquq al Eslam va Diyanat al Okhra, Cairo, Madbouli School.
Farahidi, Khalel ibn Ahmad, 1409 A. H, Ketab al-Ayn, research: Mahdi Makhzoumi and Ebrahim Samraei, Qom, Dar al-Hejrah Institute.
Farroukh, Omar, 1984, Tarikh al-Jaheliyah, Beirut, Dar al-Elm al Malayein.
Qadyani, Abbas, 1384, History of religions in Iran, Bija, Farhang e Maktoob.
Qartabi, Mohammad ibn Ahmad, 1364, Al-Jame'ah al ahkam al-Qur'an, Tehran, Nasser Khosrow.
Qastalani, Ahmad ibn Mohammad, 1431 A. H, Ershad al-Sari le Sharh Sahih Bokhari, edited by Sedqi Jamil Attar, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr publications.
Christian Sen, Artur Emanuel, 2014, Iran during the Sasanid era, Bija, Negah publications.
Kariminia, Morteza and Ha'eri, Shahla, spring and summer 2013, "Review of temporary marriage in the Leiden encyclopedia", Orientalist Qur'an Studies,
 No. 10.
 
Koleini, 1363, al-Kafi, correction: Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Tehran, Dar al-Kotob al-Eslamiyah.
Malek ibn Anas, 1407 A. H, Al-Mot'ah, research: Mohammad Foad Abdol-Baqi, Beirut, Ehya al-Torath al-Arabi.
Moslem al-Nisaburi, Bita, Sahih e Moslem, Beirut, Dar al-Fekr.
Mosab ibn Abdollah al-Zabiri, 1999, Nasab Qoraysh, edited by Evarist Levy Provensal, Cairo, Dar al-Maaref.
Mofid, Mohammad ibn Mohammad, 1410 A. H, Al-Maqna'ah, Qom, Jame'ah al-Modarresin.
Moghrizi, Ahmad ibn Ali, Bita, Al-Shaqar, Annotated by: Khalil Mansour, Beirut, Dar Al-Ketab Al-Alamiyah, Mohammad Ali Bezon Publications.
Mousavi, Seyyed Reza, 2017, Mot'ah in view of Muslim jurists, articles and reviews, book 89.
Najashi, 1416 A. H, Rejal e Najashi, Qom, Al-Nashr al-Eslami Institute.
Yaqoubi, Ibn Wazeh, 1413 A.H., Tarikh Yaqoubi, Research: Abdol-Amir Mohana, Beirut, Al-Alami Institute.
Burton, John, 1982, Mutu; Tamattu’ and istimta a: confusion of tafris. IN: R. HILLENBRAND (ED), PROCEEDINGS Union EuroPeenne des Arabisanls et Islamisants.
Anahit Perikhanian, 1997, The Book of A Thousand Judgements (A Sasanian Law-Book), translated by Nina Garsoïan (Costa Mesa, Calif: Mazda.
Wansbrough, John, 1997, Qur’anic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural Interpretation. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics