Relations between the Abbasid caliphs and the Seljuqs of Iraq: From the Caliphate of Rashed to the murder of Mostanjad (529-566 A. H)

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 Associate professor of history department, University Sistan and Baluchestan, Iran

2 Associate professor of history department, Urmia University, Iran.

3 Assistant professor of history department, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Iran

10.22081/hiq.2023.57257.2023

Abstract

The death of Sultan Mohammad Seljuqi in 511 A. H was the beginning of the weakening of the Seljuqs and the efforts of the Abbasid caliphs to strengthen the worldly power. These conflicts led to many disagreements and conroversies between the Seljuqs of Iraq and the Abbasid caliphs. The internal disagreements among the Seljuk princes caused the caliphs to seize the opportunity to consolidate their power and encourage the decentralization of the military commanders. For example, Caliph Al-Rashed Belleh, relying on the legacy that came to him from his father (Mostarshad), made great efforts to get out of the control of the Seljuqs of Iraq. The present research, written through the descriptive-analytical method relying on primary sources, seeks to investigate the relations between the Abbasid caliphs and the Seljuqs of Iraq and the policy of the caliphs to gain power. The findings of the research declare that the Abbasid caliphs managed to stregthen their authority in Iran by creating division among the Seljuk princes, alliance with Atabakan and weaker princes,   considering the prevailing conditions in Iran at the end of the 6th century A. H which led to the emergence of Khwarazmianan, and benefiting from the extra-regional forces, they ended the political life of the Seljuks of Iraq.

Keywords

Article Title [العربیة]

العلاقات بین الخلفاء العباسیین وسلاجقة العراق: من خلافة الرشید إلى مقتل المستنجد (566 ـ 529ق)

Abstract [العربیة]

تعتبر وفاة السلطان محمد السلجوقی عام 511 قبل المیلاد بدایة لفترة الاضمحلال لدى السلاجقة، و فی المقابل فإنّ جهود الخلفاء العباسیین کانت تهدف إلى تقویة القدرة الدنیویة. هذا التعارض کان سبباً للعدید من الصراعات بین سلاجقة العراق و الخلفاء العباسیین.





و قد أدى التشتت الداخلی للأمراء السلاجقة إلى اغتنام الخلفاء العباسیین الفرصة لتحکیم نفوذ السلطة و تعزیز مرکزیة الأمراء العسکریین، فعلى سبیل المثال، ما قام به الخلیفة الراشد بالله من بذل الکثیر من أمواله التی ورثها عن أبیه المسترشد، من أجل الخروج عن سیطرة سلاجقة العراق. تسعى هذه الدراسة، و من خلال المنهج الوصفی التحلیلی والاعتماد على المصادر الأصلیة، إلى دراسة العلاقات بین الخلفاء العباسیین و السلاجقة فی العراق، بالإضافة إلى تبیین سیاسة الخلفاء فی الوصول إلى السلطة.





تظهر نتائج الدراسة أنّ الخلفاء العباسیین، و من خلال إیجاد التفرقة بین الأمراء السلاجقة، قاموا بتضعیف الإتحاد بین الأتابکة والأمراء، و بالنظر إلى الظروف السائدة فی إیران، فی نهایة القرن السادس الهجری القمری، الذی أعقب ظهور قوة الخوارزمیین، تمکنوا أولا من تثبیت سلطتهم فی العراق، و بعدها القضاء على الحیاة السیاسیة لسلاجقة العراق من خلال توظیف القوى خارج الإقلیم

Keywords [العربیة]

  • الخلافة العباسیة
  • سلاجقة العراق
  • الراشد بالله
  • بغداد
  • المستنجد بالله

References

Bandari, Fath ibn Ali, 1357, Zobdat al Nasrah va Nokhbat al Asrah, translated by: Mohammad Hossein Jalili, Tehran, Bonyad Farhang Publications.
Bassworth, K. A., 1380, The Advent of Seljuks, translated and transcribed by: Yaqub Azanand, Tehran, Mowla Publications.
Bassworth, K. A., 1381, The Political and Dynastic History of Iran in History of Iran, translated by: Hassan Anousheh, Tehran, Fifth Edition, Amir Kabir Publications.
Emadeddin Kateb Esfahani, 2004 A. D, Tarikh e- Dowlat e-Seljuq, edited by: Yahya Morad, Beirut, Dar al-Elmiyah.
Foruzani, Abol-Qasem, 1393, Seljuks from the Beginning to the End, Tehran, Samt Publications.
Hosseini, Sadreddin Ali, 1986 A. D, Akhbar al Omara va al Moluk al Saljuqiyeh, edited by: Mohammad Noureddin, Beirut, Dar al-Qora.
Ibn al-Abri, Gregoryus ibn Haroun, 1377, Summary of the History of States, translated by: Abdol Muhammad Ayati, Tehran, Elmi Farhangi Publications.
Ibn Al-Emrani, 1421 B. C, Al-Anba fi Tarikh al-Kholafa, edited by: Qasem Al-Samaraei, Cairo, Dar al-Afaq al-Arabiyah.
Ibn al-Qalanesi, Abu Ya'li Hamzeh, 1908 A. D, The History of Damascus, Beirut, Aba' al Yasuein Publications.
Ibn Atheer al-Jazari, Ali ibn Abi al-Karam... Abdol-Wahid al-Sheybani, 1382 B. C, The Brilliant History of the Atabak State , edited by: Abdol-Qader Ahmad, Cairo, Dar al-Kotob al-Hadith.
Ibn Atheer, Ezzoddin Ali, 1371, History of Islam and Iran, translated by: Abbas Khalili and Abol-Qasem Hellat, Tehran, Elmi Publications.
Ibn e- Jowzi, Abdol-Rahman, 1358 B. C, Al-Montazem fi Tarikh al-Moluk wa al- Melal, Heidarabad Deccan, Ottoman Encyclopedia Publications.
Ibn Emad Hanbali, 1406 B. C, Shozurat al Zahb, edited by: Al-Arnaout, Damascus - Beirut, Dar al Ibn Kathir.
Ibn Kathir, Emadeddin, 1932 A. D, The Beginning and the End, Cairo, Al-Sa'da Publications.
Ibn Khaldun, Abdol-Rahman, 1368, Lessons and Diwan al-Mubtada va al-Khabar, translated by: Abdol-Mohammad Aitaei, Tehran, Institute of Cultural Studies and Investigations.
Ibn Khalkan, Shamseddin Ahmad, Bita, Vafiyat al A'yan, revised by: Dr. Ehsan Abbas, Beirut, Dar e- Sader.
Ibn Taqtaqi, Mohammad ibn Ali, 1360, Fakhri History, translated by: Mohammad Vahid Golpayegani, Second Edition,  Tehran, Elmi Farhangi Publications.
Ibn Zafer Azodi, 1999, Al Akhbar al Dowal al Mantaqah, Researcher: Issam Mostafa Hazeema and others, Irbid - Jordan, Hamda institute of University Services and Studies.
Kajbaf, Ali Akbar and Qadiri, Zahra, 1391, Seljuks of Iraq (511-590 B. C / 1118-1194 A. D), Isfahan, Kankash Publications.
Karimi, Anna Derdi, Summer 1388, Seljuks Relatons with Abbasid caliphate with confirmation of the role of Sultan Masoud Seljuk, Teaching History Magazine, 10th year, No 4: 29-35.
Kermani, Afzal al-Din Abu Hamid, 1311, Aqd al-Ali le al Moquf al A' la, edited by: Ali Mohammad Amiri Naeini, Tehran, Majles Publications.
Lin Poll, Stanley and Others, 1363, Tarikh e Dowlat e- Eslami va Khandan e- Hokumatgar, translated by: Sadegh Sajjadi, Tehran, Tarikh-e-Iran Publications.
Morsalpour, Mohsen and Asadi, Mahdi, 1391, Caliph's Trying to Gain Worldly Power and Competing with the Seljuks of Iraq, the Studies of History of Islam Quarterly, 4th year, No 15: 167-184.
Moslemi, Shahnaz, Bayez 1396, Crisis of Legitimacy and Succession from Malekshah to the Fall of Seljuqks (465-590 B.C.), Tārikhnameh Khwarāzmī, 5th year, No 18: 176-201.
Mostowfi, Hamdollah, 1364, Tarikh Ghazideh, edited by: Abd ol-Hossein Nawayi, third issue, Tehran, Amir Kabir Publications.
Naji al-Yaseri, Abdol-Jabbar, 1390, Mazidiyan ( A research on the political and cultural conditions of Asadi dynasty in Helleh), translated by: Abdol-Hossein Binesh, Qom, Howzeh   and University Institute.
Nakhjawani, Hendushah ibn Sanjar ibn Abdollah Sahebi, 1357, Experiences of Salaf on the history of caliphs and their ministers, edited by: Abbas Eqbal, Third issue, Tehran, Tahuri Library.
Neishaburi, Zahireddin, 1332, Seljuknameh, Tehran,  Kalaleh Khawar publications.
Nezam al-Hosseini Yazdi, Mohammad, 1388, Al-Arazah fi Hekayat al  Saljuqiyah, Maryam Mirshamsi, Tehran,  Mahmoud Afshar' s Bonyad Moqufat.
Qomi, Najmeddin Abu al-Raja, 1363, History of Viziers, by : Mohammad Taqi Daneshpazhuh, Tehran, Institute of Cultural Studies and Investigations.
Rawandi, Mohammad ibn Ali, 1386, Rahat al Sodur va Ayat al Sorur, edited by: Mohammad Eqbal, Tehran, Elmi Publications.
Sebt ibn al-Jowzi, Ali ibn Abdollah, 1434 B. C, Mer'at al Zaman fi Tavarikh al A'yan, Damascus, Dar al-Resalat al-Elmiyah.
Taqvash, Mohammad Soheil, 1437 B. C / 2016 A. D, History of Seljuks in Khorasan, Iran and Iraq, second edition, Beirut, Dar al-Nafais.
Turan, Othman, 1395, Seljuks, translated by: Parviz Shahmarasi, Tabriz, Akhtar Publications.
Zahabi, Hafez Shamseddin, 1413 B. C, Tarikh e Eslam va vafiyat al Mashahir al A' lam, second edition, Beirut, Dar al-Ketab al-Arabi.
History of Islam
Volume 24, Issue 96 - Serial Number 96
December 2024
Pages 181-208

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics