Since the very early years after Hijrah, Sham (Greater Syria), especially with promises of conquest made by the Prophet (pbuh) to the Muslims, was of special importance. Natural and cultural features of the region and its neighborhood to the Eastern Roman Empire had always attracted the attention of various states. Following the disintegration of the Islamic Caliphate, this caused permanent conflicts among the local and regional governments. On the other hand, the borders region always witnessed wars between the Muslims and the Byzantines. The coinage of the word thughur (Borders and áwasim (forts), in the political literature ofMuslims since the early centuries A.H. and their repetition in sources, indicates the high importance of these regions. The cultural and social peculiarities ofthughur and ’awasim had a significantrole in shaping many regional developments and intellectual and social trends. These regions did not have a coherent ethnic and cultural identity; rather, they enjoyed a kind Vol.6,Spring2005,Serial.No.21 5 of fluidity in their cultural identity. For many centuries, this heritage was passed to the residents of these regions such that they always inherited the thoughts, culture and civilization of nations from the east and west of the Muslim world. They combined such diverse elements creating a new identity for themselves.
BoroomandA’lam, A. (2005). THUGHUR SHAMI AND ÁWASIM (HISTORICAL, CULTURALAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE CONQUESTS TO THE END OF 3 CENTURY A.H). History of Islam, 6(Issue 21), 33-66.
MLA
BoroomandA’lam, A. . "THUGHUR SHAMI AND ÁWASIM (HISTORICAL, CULTURALAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE CONQUESTS TO THE END OF 3 CENTURY A.H)", History of Islam, 6, Issue 21, 2005, 33-66.
HARVARD
BoroomandA’lam, A. (2005). 'THUGHUR SHAMI AND ÁWASIM (HISTORICAL, CULTURALAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE CONQUESTS TO THE END OF 3 CENTURY A.H)', History of Islam, 6(Issue 21), pp. 33-66.
CHICAGO
A. BoroomandA’lam, "THUGHUR SHAMI AND ÁWASIM (HISTORICAL, CULTURALAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE CONQUESTS TO THE END OF 3 CENTURY A.H)," History of Islam, 6 Issue 21 (2005): 33-66,
VANCOUVER
BoroomandA’lam, A. THUGHUR SHAMI AND ÁWASIM (HISTORICAL, CULTURALAND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENTS FROM THE CONQUESTS TO THE END OF 3 CENTURY A.H). History of Islam, 2005; 6(Issue 21): 33-66.
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