نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه تاریخ، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران
2 گروه تاریخ، واحد شاهرود، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شاهرود، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
The aim of this study is to examine the process of Shiʿi-leaning among the Turkish-speaking nomadic tribes of Asia Minor, the interpretation of Shiism by Anatolian Sufi elites, and the spread of ritualized Shiism within Anatolian society between the 6th and 10th centuries A.H (12th–16th centuries CE). The research, conducted through the descriptive-analytical method common in the humanities and historical studies, seeks to explore the relationship between Sufi orientations and Shiʿi rituals and ceremonies, and the impact of this issue on the development of Shiʿi identity among the Anatolian Alawites—an issue that has received comparatively little attention in scholarship on the interplay between Shiism and Sufism. The findings indicate that several factors—including the influence of Iranian culture on Asia Minor, the concurrent development of ritual Shiism and Sufism in the 8th–9th/13th–14th centuries, and, in particular, the distinctive religious outlook and practices of the Turkish-speaking nomads—contributed to the emergence of a Sufi religiosity inclined toward certain Shiʿi rites. With the consolidation of tendency towards Islam, this form of religiousness became widespread among the inhabitants of Anatolia, especially after the Mongol invasions, and came to represent a dominant mode of piety for the segments of population. One of the main factors behind the expansion of non-jurisprudential Shiism in Anatolia was the proliferation of Sufi orders and the fusion of their teachings with the extremist Shiʿi doctrines. From the 6th century A.H onward, numerous eclectic Sufi paths emerged, shaped by the popular and rudimentary outlook of the Turkmen nomads and the absence of established Shi’i scholarly and cultural centers in Anatolia. These promoted a form of Islam adapted to the tribal communities’ inherited religious customs, one that stood in opposition to the normative Sunnī tradition as well as the scholarly, jurisprudential interpretation of Shiism. Regardless of the origin of the term “Alavi” for Anatolian Shiites, their religious identity during the medieval Islamic centuries was marked by the esoteric influences and Sufi-inspired teachings, which diverged from Jaʿfarī jurisprudence. Alavi religiousness centered on Imam ʿAlī (PBUH) and the image of him presented to the people of Asia Minor by Shiʿi-leaning Sufis. Following the Ottoman conquest of Anatolia, the severing of the Alawites’ scholarly ties with Shiʿi seminaries and jurisprudence centers deprived them of access to the intellectual and doctrinal heritage of the Ahl al-Bayt (PBUH). In conclusion, while Islam was formally introduced into Asia Minor through the political structures, the persistence of older cultural patterns and popular religious understandings led to a synthesis of semi-mystical perceptions and radicalized religious doctrines. The nomadic society of Anatolia, lacking the capacity to engage with jurisprudentially grounded religious instruction, under the guidance of Sufi sheikhs, embraced a ritualistic and accommodative form of Islam and Shiism. The community known today as the Alawites of Turkey—constituting the majority of Shiites in that country—are the heirs of this non-jurisprudential, Sufi-inflected expression of Shiism.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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