Baqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210305Tribalism Geopolitics and Islam’s Dealing with It; The Advent of Islam as an Ibrahimi Religion in the Geopolitical Structure of Saudi ArabiaTribalism Geopolitics and Islam’s Dealing with It; The Advent of Islam as an Ibrahimi Religion in the Geopolitical Structure of Saudi Arabia7246966310.22081/hiq.2021.69663FAAbdolmajidMobaleqiAssistant professor of institute of humanities and cultural studiesJournal Article20181224Based on the explanation of geopolitical structure of Arabian Peninsula before and after the advent of Islam, this research presents an understanding of the nature, authority and logic of policy in the political discourse of Quraysh which is hoped to be effective in the appreciation of changes leading to the advent and propagation of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion. Such an explanation opens the way towards understanding a collection of political relations reflecting on them can provide a considerable awareness towards the identification of the structure of authority in the tribalism system throughout the advent of Islam. The methodological approach of this research has been taken from discourse. In this regard, it has been endeavored to investigate and analyze the differences in two discourses of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion and Quraysh as a structure reliant on tribalism and to discuss the way of transferring from Arabic traditional tribalism with the centrality of Quraysh to the Islamic era.Based on the explanation of geopolitical structure of Arabian Peninsula before and after the advent of Islam, this research presents an understanding of the nature, authority and logic of policy in the political discourse of Quraysh which is hoped to be effective in the appreciation of changes leading to the advent and propagation of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion. Such an explanation opens the way towards understanding a collection of political relations reflecting on them can provide a considerable awareness towards the identification of the structure of authority in the tribalism system throughout the advent of Islam. The methodological approach of this research has been taken from discourse. In this regard, it has been endeavored to investigate and analyze the differences in two discourses of Islam as an Ibrahimi religion and Quraysh as a structure reliant on tribalism and to discuss the way of transferring from Arabic traditional tribalism with the centrality of Quraysh to the Islamic era.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69663_8f6241290dc80d0911a430f9e9306659.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219The Historical Validation of the Shiite’s Reports Compared with The Sunnite’ Historical Reports; Case study of Reports Concerning the Relations Between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn MarwanThe Historical Validation of the Shiite’s Reports Compared with The Sunnite’ Historical Reports; Case study of Reports Concerning the Relations Between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn Marwan25506970910.22081/hiq.2021.69709FAAbbasMirzaeiAssistant professor in faculty of theology and religion, Shahid Beheshti universityJournal Article20160907The difference between the methodology of Sunnites and Shiites in relation to the narration of historical reports is considered the issue in the domain of textual criticism method showing how the change of intellectual traditions influence the narration of reports. This research investigates the reports related to the interaction between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn Marwan having been transferred from the sources of Sunnites to those of Shiites and through the comparison between the two sets of sources belonging to the Sunnite and Shiite, this research is to illustrate that the reports related to the history and conduct of Prophet’s household have constantly changed during the different religious trends with no evaluation of the truth and untruth of the events themselves. Likewise, the transferring of narrations related to the relationships between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn Marwan to Imami sources has been probably done due to the religious purposes and the promotion of infallible Imams’ status. Finally, the intellectual traditions of extremists or the people suspicious to exaggeration has not been ineffective on some of these changes.The difference between the methodology of Sunnites and Shiites in relation to the narration of historical reports is considered the issue in the domain of textual criticism method showing how the change of intellectual traditions influence the narration of reports. This research investigates the reports related to the interaction between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn Marwan having been transferred from the sources of Sunnites to those of Shiites and through the comparison between the two sets of sources belonging to the Sunnite and Shiite, this research is to illustrate that the reports related to the history and conduct of Prophet’s household have constantly changed during the different religious trends with no evaluation of the truth and untruth of the events themselves. Likewise, the transferring of narrations related to the relationships between Imam Sajad (PBUH) and Abd al- Malik Ibn Marwan to Imami sources has been probably done due to the religious purposes and the promotion of infallible Imams’ status. Finally, the intellectual traditions of extremists or the people suspicious to exaggeration has not been ineffective on some of these changes.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69709_9337d889a4a38ff9293eb4a9a930cb89.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219The Analysis of Networking of Political-Religious Authority in Time of Imam Raza’s Sons Based on Charles Tilly’s Political TheoryThe Analysis of Networking of Political-Religious Authority in Time of Imam Raza’s Sons Based on Charles Tilly’s Political Theory51786971010.22081/hiq.2021.69710FARahamatAbbas Tabar MaqariAssistant professor of politics, Mazandaran universityAdelehAzarm NezhadM.A student of history of Islam, Taqerib e- Mazaheb universityJournal Article20190423The political conditions of community and their consequences in favor of the infallible Imams (PBUT) provided the ground for taking advantage of institutes supporting them in dealing with the present conditions in the best way. Vekalat is an institute which was highly effective in time of Imam Raza’s Sons, Imam Javad (PBUH), Imam Hadi (PBUH), Imam Askari (PBUH). The present article is to answer the question on how this institute could preserve and propagate the political- religious movement of Infallible Imams and Shiites in this era.
Considering the main variables in Charles Tilly’s model and descriptive-analytical method of research as well as the library sources, the findings of the present research reveal that the Infallible Imams could protect themselves and Shiites throughout the critical conditions by optimizing the capabilities of this organization. Taking advantage of political intelligence and the exact measurement of situation as well as relying on Vekalat organization, Imam Raza’s Sons neutralized the endeavors of Abbasid government towards the defacement of Imams and ShiitesThe political conditions of community and their consequences in favor of the infallible Imams (PBUT) provided the ground for taking advantage of institutes supporting them in dealing with the present conditions in the best way. Vekalat is an institute which was highly effective in time of Imam Raza’s Sons, Imam Javad (PBUH), Imam Hadi (PBUH), Imam Askari (PBUH). The present article is to answer the question on how this institute could preserve and propagate the political- religious movement of Infallible Imams and Shiites in this era.
Considering the main variables in Charles Tilly’s model and descriptive-analytical method of research as well as the library sources, the findings of the present research reveal that the Infallible Imams could protect themselves and Shiites throughout the critical conditions by optimizing the capabilities of this organization. Taking advantage of political intelligence and the exact measurement of situation as well as relying on Vekalat organization, Imam Raza’s Sons neutralized the endeavors of Abbasid government towards the defacement of Imams and Shiiteshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69710_1ae189730b41475cc7e09ecc5f159de8.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219Change of The Shiite Nature of Abbasid Movement from Its Development to Caliphate PhaseChange of The Shiite Nature of Abbasid Movement from Its Development to Caliphate Phase791126971110.22081/hiq.2021.69711FAMohammadrezaBaraniAssistant professor of history department, Al- Zahra universityYounosGhafari PourPh.D. in teaching Islamic ethics, majoring history and civilization, Baqir al- Olum universityJournal Article20180522The relationship between Abbasids and Prophet’s household, following Amir al- Momenin Ali (PBUH), perusing the revenge of Ashura martyrs, the mottos like <em>Al Reza Men Aal e- Mohammad and Ya Mansour</em> and the reports on their siblings being regarded as Mansour or Mahdi provided the ground for Abbasids to be of Shiite tendency and belong to the Shiite groups such as <em>Kisaniyeh</em> and <em>Zeidiyeh</em>, before caliphate. The likeness of the nature of Abbasid movement with Shiite symbols are considered the issues worth to be investigated. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach and the library method of research, this study critically investigates the nature of Abbasid Shiite movement. This issue is in need of measurements related to the social position of movement, the religious position of people leading the movement, the conduct of Abbasid leaders, the motivation and objectives behind this movement and its actualization for the Shiites so that the amount of belief and consistency of Abbasids with the Shiite thoughts in the process of movement to the achievement of caliphate will be crystalized. The findings of this research illustrate that the convergence of Abbasid movement with the Shiite beliefs has covertly changed and gradually tended toward the beliefs of Shiite competitor groups.The relationship between Abbasids and Prophet’s household, following Amir al- Momenin Ali (PBUH), perusing the revenge of Ashura martyrs, the mottos like <em>Al Reza Men Aal e- Mohammad and Ya Mansour</em> and the reports on their siblings being regarded as Mansour or Mahdi provided the ground for Abbasids to be of Shiite tendency and belong to the Shiite groups such as <em>Kisaniyeh</em> and <em>Zeidiyeh</em>, before caliphate. The likeness of the nature of Abbasid movement with Shiite symbols are considered the issues worth to be investigated. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach and the library method of research, this study critically investigates the nature of Abbasid Shiite movement. This issue is in need of measurements related to the social position of movement, the religious position of people leading the movement, the conduct of Abbasid leaders, the motivation and objectives behind this movement and its actualization for the Shiites so that the amount of belief and consistency of Abbasids with the Shiite thoughts in the process of movement to the achievement of caliphate will be crystalized. The findings of this research illustrate that the convergence of Abbasid movement with the Shiite beliefs has covertly changed and gradually tended toward the beliefs of Shiite competitor groups.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69711_82280fdfa89d61a0559f30fb915d416e.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219A Comparative Study on The Different Narrations of Historians in the Third and Fourth Centuries on Caucasus EventsA Comparative Study on The Different Narrations of Historians in the Third and Fourth Centuries on Caucasus Events1131346971210.22081/hiq.2021.69712FAMohammadrezaKeyvaniPh. D candidate of history of Islam, Isfahan universityFereudounAllahyariFaculty member of history department, Isfahan universityMostafaPirmoradiyanAssistant professor and Faculty member of history department, Isfahan universityJournal Article20180213The study of historical sources of Caucasus domain in the third and fourth centuries illustrates that there is some disorder in some narrations related to this region such as the conquest of Caucasus, the event of Balanjar, the conquest of Baytha and Khaqan e- Khazar. This research tries to have a new look towards the reality of these events and their exact time of happening by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method of research and the library sources with the purpose of more crystallization of Caucasus historiography in the domain of eastern caliphate as well as the comparative study of different sources and ideas of researchers in the area of Caucasus. This research shows that there is no uncertainty in the event itself considering the existing sources but sometimes there are some errors in regard with the attribution of some events to the individuals or their time of happening which could be removed through the exact historical investigationThe study of historical sources of Caucasus domain in the third and fourth centuries illustrates that there is some disorder in some narrations related to this region such as the conquest of Caucasus, the event of Balanjar, the conquest of Baytha and Khaqan e- Khazar. This research tries to have a new look towards the reality of these events and their exact time of happening by taking advantage of descriptive-analytical method of research and the library sources with the purpose of more crystallization of Caucasus historiography in the domain of eastern caliphate as well as the comparative study of different sources and ideas of researchers in the area of Caucasus. This research shows that there is no uncertainty in the event itself considering the existing sources but sometimes there are some errors in regard with the attribution of some events to the individuals or their time of happening which could be removed through the exact historical investigationhttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69712_d1099fb4bb898d730e33ca828ad00789.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219A Study on The Reasons of Change of Ritual Ceremonies in Mashhad, Qajar EraA Study on The Reasons of Change of Ritual Ceremonies in Mashhad, Qajar Era1351706971310.22081/hiq.2021.69713FAAliRohani GochaniPh. D candidate of history of Iran after Islam, Islamic Azad university, Shabestar branchShahrzadSassanpoorAssistant professor of Islamic Maaref department, Islamic Azad university, Central Tehran branchHosseinAbadianProfessor of history department, imam Khomeini international university, Qazvin branchMonirehKazemi RashedAssistant professor of history department, Islamic Azad university, Shabestar branchJournal Article20190316The element of religion has been of main role in regard with the intellectual infrastructure of Iranian community and its direct effect is outstanding in most of the economic, cultural, and social changes. In this regard, the governments have paid a particular attention to the religion and ritual ceremonies during the history. In time of Qajar, along with the continuation in the way of holding the ritual ceremonies, a kind of alteration developed in them as well. Khorasan state and particularly Mashhad was one of the main centers of this alteration due to its significant situation.Following the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question on the extent the ritual and lamentation ceremonies in Mashhad regarded as the most important religious city of Iran, changed under the influence of the political approach of Qajar rulers as well as the administrative elementsThe element of religion has been of main role in regard with the intellectual infrastructure of Iranian community and its direct effect is outstanding in most of the economic, cultural, and social changes. In this regard, the governments have paid a particular attention to the religion and ritual ceremonies during the history. In time of Qajar, along with the continuation in the way of holding the ritual ceremonies, a kind of alteration developed in them as well. Khorasan state and particularly Mashhad was one of the main centers of this alteration due to its significant situation.Following the descriptive-analytical approach, the present article is to answer the question on the extent the ritual and lamentation ceremonies in Mashhad regarded as the most important religious city of Iran, changed under the influence of the political approach of Qajar rulers as well as the administrative elementshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69713_98d48032df61ef3db7e73599ab9663bb.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219The Role of Scholars on the Religious Relations in Sham Region in Mamluk Era (648-923 After Hijrah)The Role of Scholars on the Religious Relations in Sham Region in Mamluk Era (648-923 After Hijrah)1972246971510.22081/hiq.2021.69715FAShahnazKarimzadehPh.D. candidate of history of Islam, Baqir al-Olum universityZahraRoohollahi AmiriAssistant professor of Baqir al-Olum universityJournal Article20180613The religious relations in the strategic region of Sham have been constantly at the mercy of the policies dominated on the intellectual approaches of this region. Consideration of the way of scholars’ taking part in giving the direction to these relations in the important and sensitive era of Mamluk can discover part of the intellectual disputes in this district.
In this respect, the present research is to answer the question related to the role of Sunnite and Shiite scholars in regard with the religious relations of Mamluk era relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research clarify that the Sunnite scholars with the support of the Sunnite higher social rank rulers took a kind of confrontational approach towards this issue and the ground for the severe social disputes between Sunnites and Shiites and consequently more and more divergence among them was provided. On the other hand, the effort of Shiite scholars towards preserving the identity and existence of Shi’ism along with convergence with Sunnites wat not successful. This issue was due to the Sunnites’ frail and passive status as well as their precautionary concealment. Accordingly, the ground for the settlement of social disputes could not be provided.The religious relations in the strategic region of Sham have been constantly at the mercy of the policies dominated on the intellectual approaches of this region. Consideration of the way of scholars’ taking part in giving the direction to these relations in the important and sensitive era of Mamluk can discover part of the intellectual disputes in this district.
In this respect, the present research is to answer the question related to the role of Sunnite and Shiite scholars in regard with the religious relations of Mamluk era relying on the descriptive-analytical approach. The findings of this research clarify that the Sunnite scholars with the support of the Sunnite higher social rank rulers took a kind of confrontational approach towards this issue and the ground for the severe social disputes between Sunnites and Shiites and consequently more and more divergence among them was provided. On the other hand, the effort of Shiite scholars towards preserving the identity and existence of Shi’ism along with convergence with Sunnites wat not successful. This issue was due to the Sunnites’ frail and passive status as well as their precautionary concealment. Accordingly, the ground for the settlement of social disputes could not be provided.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69715_a5845332a840a1e318d7d89c1755f98d.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8420210219The Study of Disagreement Between Afaqis and Deccanis in Bahmanid Government and The Shiite Local Governments of DeccanThe Study of Disagreement Between Afaqis and Deccanis in Bahmanid Government and The Shiite Local Governments of Deccan2252606971610.22081/hiq.2021.69716FALidaMavadatAssistant professor of history department, Shahid Chamran university of AhvazAliSajadiM. A student of history of Islam, Shahid Chamran university of AhvazJournal Article20191222Muslims were divided into two social groups of Afaqis and Deccanis while entering to Deccan. Afaqis who had entered Deccan from Iraq and Iran, quickly penetrated into the social layers of Deccan city and they even took up important positions in the governmental court because of their knowledge, discipline, complete or relative economic welfare. This issue provided the ground for the constant competition with native Muslims famous for Deccani. Simultaneous with the establishment of Bahmanid government as well as the Shiite governments after Bahmanids, the disputes between Afaqis and Deccanis increased. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research, the present article is to investigate the effective elements of the relations between Afaqis and Deccanis in Bahmanid government and the local Shiite governments such as Qutb Shahi, Adelshahi and Nezamshahi from the ninth to eleventh centuries in Deccan. The findings of research demonstrate that the scientific and disciplinary background of Afaqis and official realization of Shiite denomination in the local governments of Deccan as well as the policy of early sultans led to Afaqis’ achieving authority and consequently the uprising of Deccanis and eventually massacre and suppression of AfaqisMuslims were divided into two social groups of Afaqis and Deccanis while entering to Deccan. Afaqis who had entered Deccan from Iraq and Iran, quickly penetrated into the social layers of Deccan city and they even took up important positions in the governmental court because of their knowledge, discipline, complete or relative economic welfare. This issue provided the ground for the constant competition with native Muslims famous for Deccani. Simultaneous with the establishment of Bahmanid government as well as the Shiite governments after Bahmanids, the disputes between Afaqis and Deccanis increased. Relying on the descriptive-analytical method of research, the present article is to investigate the effective elements of the relations between Afaqis and Deccanis in Bahmanid government and the local Shiite governments such as Qutb Shahi, Adelshahi and Nezamshahi from the ninth to eleventh centuries in Deccan. The findings of research demonstrate that the scientific and disciplinary background of Afaqis and official realization of Shiite denomination in the local governments of Deccan as well as the policy of early sultans led to Afaqis’ achieving authority and consequently the uprising of Deccanis and eventually massacre and suppression of Afaqishttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69716_383492dcdb6d807b1a4d48d6afba000c.pdf