Baqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121The Role of Bearers of Holy Quran in Regard with the Propagation and Realization of Prophet Mohammad’s ObjectivesThe Role of Bearers of Holy Quran in Regard with the Propagation and Realization of Prophet Mohammad’s Objectives7426937310.22081/hiq.2020.69373FAJahanbakhshSavaghebHistory Professor, Lorestan UniversityJournal Article20180103Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) trained a professional group including the readers of Holy Quran and those who knew it by heart as the Qur’anic community of early Islam with the aim of propagation of memorizing and instructing the Holy Quran. That holiness could propagate the unity thought in the polytheist community of Arabian Peninsula by taking advantage of this very Qur’anic group who circulated the verses of Holy Quran among people. Afterwards, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) advanced the united Islamic nation on the basis of this intellectual system under the supports of this Qur’anic community during the battles. This group propagated the prophecy of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) thanks to the particular position achieved before that holiness. In this article, the issues including the role of bearers of Quran pertaining to the events in time of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and the propagation of Qur’anic sciences in and out of Arabian Peninsula have been investigated through the descriptive-analytical method of research. The findings of present research indicate that this group was qualified enough to realize the Prophet’s objectives and circulate the Qur’anic sciences over the community.Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) trained a professional group including the readers of Holy Quran and those who knew it by heart as the Qur’anic community of early Islam with the aim of propagation of memorizing and instructing the Holy Quran. That holiness could propagate the unity thought in the polytheist community of Arabian Peninsula by taking advantage of this very Qur’anic group who circulated the verses of Holy Quran among people. Afterwards, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) advanced the united Islamic nation on the basis of this intellectual system under the supports of this Qur’anic community during the battles. This group propagated the prophecy of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) thanks to the particular position achieved before that holiness. In this article, the issues including the role of bearers of Quran pertaining to the events in time of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and the propagation of Qur’anic sciences in and out of Arabian Peninsula have been investigated through the descriptive-analytical method of research. The findings of present research indicate that this group was qualified enough to realize the Prophet’s objectives and circulate the Qur’anic sciences over the community.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69373_e2972a4668a978d1d5a27bb810de1df2.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121Hema, An Environmental Law in the Prophetic Government and the Process of its Development up to the End of Ottoman CaliphateHema, An Environmental Law in the Prophetic Government and the Process of its Development up to the End of Ottoman Caliphate43766937410.22081/hiq.2020.69374FAHassanHazratiAssociate professor of history department, Tehran UniversityFatemehBakhtiyariPh. D candidate of history of Islam, Tehran UniversityJournal Article20180211The increasing trend of the annihilation of environment led to its investigation in the researches as well as the theoretical and field studies by the human communities particularly the governments and the increase of studies on the preservation of environment consequently. Considering the primary environmental policy making of the Islamic governments, the present article is to answer the question related to the kinds of regulations developed in regard with the environment. Taking advantage of the descriptive approach and the primary historical sources, this research is to historically investigate the data in order to present new analyses in this regard. According to the articles, the governments of early Islam from the Prophetic government up to the end of Ottoman caliphate took step towards preserving the environment focusing on Hema law while it was not of constantly applied in the discourse of preserving and supporting the nature. Hence, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) developed a law applicable in favor of the preservation of environment by changing the definition of Hema which was the preferred by sheikhs of tribes in the age of ignorance. The administration of this law was pursued by the late governments but the difference in the view of Prophet and caliphs towards various phenomena particularly the environment and its related issues led to the adjustment of Hema which was not in line with the preservation of environmentThe increasing trend of the annihilation of environment led to its investigation in the researches as well as the theoretical and field studies by the human communities particularly the governments and the increase of studies on the preservation of environment consequently. Considering the primary environmental policy making of the Islamic governments, the present article is to answer the question related to the kinds of regulations developed in regard with the environment. Taking advantage of the descriptive approach and the primary historical sources, this research is to historically investigate the data in order to present new analyses in this regard. According to the articles, the governments of early Islam from the Prophetic government up to the end of Ottoman caliphate took step towards preserving the environment focusing on Hema law while it was not of constantly applied in the discourse of preserving and supporting the nature. Hence, Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) developed a law applicable in favor of the preservation of environment by changing the definition of Hema which was the preferred by sheikhs of tribes in the age of ignorance. The administration of this law was pursued by the late governments but the difference in the view of Prophet and caliphs towards various phenomena particularly the environment and its related issues led to the adjustment of Hema which was not in line with the preservation of environmenthttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69374_415e761f923b1531375f25193c2758b3.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121The Study of Companions’ Reactions Concerning the Distribution of Plunders of BattlesThe Study of Companions’ Reactions Concerning the Distribution of Plunders of Battles771106937510.22081/hiq.2020.69375FAShokrollahKhakrandAssociate professor of history of Islam, history department, Shiraz UniversitySeyyedahiaSeyyediPh. D candidate of history of Islam, Shiraz UniversityMasoumehDehghanAssistant professor of history of Islam, history department, Shiraz UniversityJournal Article20200202Migration to Medina and revelation of Jihad verses led to the fundamental changes in regard with the concept of plunder or spoils of war and the observation of different reactions among the companions. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach, the ancient historical sources, Qur’anic interpretations and behavioral studies, the present article is to classify the Battles in the age of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), study the companions’ behavior towards the spoils of war, analyze the reasons of their different reactions and present answer for them. The findings of this research illuminate that the disagreement between the companions in regard with the distribution of plunders in the Battle of Badr could be related to their ignorant beliefs and their avidity toward the spoils of war led to their failure in the Battle of Uhud. Moreover, in punitive and retaliatory Battles with the villain, being avaricious toward the spoils of war was not observed among Ansar and Mohajer while in preventive Battles, Ansar collectively objected in time of the distribution of benefits due to their personal benefits. These objections can be observed among feudists due to the lack of heartfelt beliefs towards the religious values as well as voracity towards the mundane world and among new Muslims due to no internalization of the Islamic beliefsMigration to Medina and revelation of Jihad verses led to the fundamental changes in regard with the concept of plunder or spoils of war and the observation of different reactions among the companions. Taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical approach, the ancient historical sources, Qur’anic interpretations and behavioral studies, the present article is to classify the Battles in the age of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), study the companions’ behavior towards the spoils of war, analyze the reasons of their different reactions and present answer for them. The findings of this research illuminate that the disagreement between the companions in regard with the distribution of plunders in the Battle of Badr could be related to their ignorant beliefs and their avidity toward the spoils of war led to their failure in the Battle of Uhud. Moreover, in punitive and retaliatory Battles with the villain, being avaricious toward the spoils of war was not observed among Ansar and Mohajer while in preventive Battles, Ansar collectively objected in time of the distribution of benefits due to their personal benefits. These objections can be observed among feudists due to the lack of heartfelt beliefs towards the religious values as well as voracity towards the mundane world and among new Muslims due to no internalization of the Islamic beliefshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69375_262b124789ea1f252f8855f64bb22f78.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121An Investigation on the Way of Burying and Burial Place of Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) in the Primary SourcesAn Investigation on the Way of Burying and Burial Place of Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) in the Primary Sources1111386937610.22081/hiq.2020.69376FAHamzehTorabiResearcher in Mahdaviat specialty center, third grade- holder of Qom seminaryMajidAhmadi KachaeeAssistant professor in Islamic culture and science institute of QomJournal Article20190204Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) with a special position before Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), and the only daughter remained after the departure of father had a short lifetime being along with significant and fateful events. The short life of that majesty and the trends against the Prophet’s Family has led to the concealment of her grave besides many other events happened in her lifetime. In spite of the disagreement among Sunnite scholars related to the way of burying, many of them believe that the grave of that holiness is of determined place in Baqi cemetery. However, the Shiites deem that grave to belong to Fatimah Bent e- Asad and the place of Fatimah Zahra’s grave is not overt. Both groups have presented considerable documents in this regard. This article investigates these two approaches and verifies the hypothesis that the grave located in Baqi cemetery belongs to Fatimah Bent e- Asad and the grave belonging to Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) is situated beside Rowzat ol- Nabi in her house and its exact place is concealed.Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) with a special position before Prophet Mohammad (PBUH), and the only daughter remained after the departure of father had a short lifetime being along with significant and fateful events. The short life of that majesty and the trends against the Prophet’s Family has led to the concealment of her grave besides many other events happened in her lifetime. In spite of the disagreement among Sunnite scholars related to the way of burying, many of them believe that the grave of that holiness is of determined place in Baqi cemetery. However, the Shiites deem that grave to belong to Fatimah Bent e- Asad and the place of Fatimah Zahra’s grave is not overt. Both groups have presented considerable documents in this regard. This article investigates these two approaches and verifies the hypothesis that the grave located in Baqi cemetery belongs to Fatimah Bent e- Asad and the grave belonging to Fatimah Zahra (PBUH) is situated beside Rowzat ol- Nabi in her house and its exact place is concealed.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69376_222df75afda0ce96163c89fb6aecdb69.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121Historical Validation of Sheikh Toosi’s Rijal Book in the Recording of the Companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH)Historical Validation of Sheikh Toosi’s Rijal Book in the Recording of the Companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH)1391666937710.22081/hiq.2020.69377FAEbrahimSalehi HajiabadiPh. D Candidate of history of Islam, Baqir al-Olum UniversityRezaRamezaniAssistant professor of Fiqh and Maaref majoring interpretation of Quran, Ayatollah Borujerdi UniversityRashidRekabiyanAssistant professor of politics department, Ayatollah Borujerdi UniversityJournal Article20190213Rejal book developed by Sheikh Toosi is considered as the most important Rijal-based books of Shiites with a high standing position among the contemporary individuals. Concerning the Rijal based or historical interpretations, some people consider this book to be comprehensive and sufficient. However, it seems that a specific trust in Rijal book with no consideration of the other historical reports is supposed to be unacceptable. This article investigates whatever has been stated by Sheikh Toosi about the companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH) with the presumption of specifying the degree of validity of this book.In this research, the possibility of reflection on some accounts, developed by Sheikh Toosi, related the companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH) is verified by relying on the other historical accounts and analyses as well as adapting numerous manual and published scripts of Rijal book.Rejal book developed by Sheikh Toosi is considered as the most important Rijal-based books of Shiites with a high standing position among the contemporary individuals. Concerning the Rijal based or historical interpretations, some people consider this book to be comprehensive and sufficient. However, it seems that a specific trust in Rijal book with no consideration of the other historical reports is supposed to be unacceptable. This article investigates whatever has been stated by Sheikh Toosi about the companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH) with the presumption of specifying the degree of validity of this book.In this research, the possibility of reflection on some accounts, developed by Sheikh Toosi, related the companions of Imam Hossein (PBUH) is verified by relying on the other historical accounts and analyses as well as adapting numerous manual and published scripts of Rijal book.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69377_f5ee7bc500f5923fc29670031258197e.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121The Analysis of Ma’moon’s Duplicitous Action in Dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH)The Analysis of Ma’moon’s Duplicitous Action in Dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH)1672046937810.22081/hiq.2020.69378FAKarimKhanmohammadiAssociate professor of culture and relationships department, Baqir al- Olum UniversityMohammad RezaAnvariPh. D candidate of culture and relationships, Baqir al- Olum UniversityJournal Article20200903The study of events come about in some historical phases is of great significance due to the sensitivity of that era as well as the particular position of actors. Likewise, this issue can be beneficial towards the appreciation of events and deepening of general understanding. <br />In this article, Ma’moon’s duplicitous action in dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH) in time of caliphate are clarified by taking advantage of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis with the emphasis on two main concepts of equivalence and backgrounding strategies. <br />The findings of research indicate that Ma’moon has taken the equivalence strategies such as pretending to be Shi’a, inviting Imam to Marve, suggesting the guardianship, believing in the end of time as well as applying the Shiite symbols and allurement in different phases according to the situation. Moreover, he has taken advantage of backgrounding strategies such as the management of social relations, concealment of virtues, weakening of the social status and scientific position, terror of personality, limitation of relationships, imprisonment and martyrdom. His strategies in dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH) can be divided into three critical phases namely the beginning of government, the stabilization of government and the limitation of cultural relationship. Yet, none of the strategies can be attributed to a particular time. Ma’moon has mostly applied the equivalence strategy in the first and second phases and backgrounding strategy in the third phase. Likewise, the strategies of backgrounding and foregrounding have been concurrently utilized on occasionThe study of events come about in some historical phases is of great significance due to the sensitivity of that era as well as the particular position of actors. Likewise, this issue can be beneficial towards the appreciation of events and deepening of general understanding. <br />In this article, Ma’moon’s duplicitous action in dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH) in time of caliphate are clarified by taking advantage of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse analysis with the emphasis on two main concepts of equivalence and backgrounding strategies. <br />The findings of research indicate that Ma’moon has taken the equivalence strategies such as pretending to be Shi’a, inviting Imam to Marve, suggesting the guardianship, believing in the end of time as well as applying the Shiite symbols and allurement in different phases according to the situation. Moreover, he has taken advantage of backgrounding strategies such as the management of social relations, concealment of virtues, weakening of the social status and scientific position, terror of personality, limitation of relationships, imprisonment and martyrdom. His strategies in dealing with Imam Reza (PBUH) can be divided into three critical phases namely the beginning of government, the stabilization of government and the limitation of cultural relationship. Yet, none of the strategies can be attributed to a particular time. Ma’moon has mostly applied the equivalence strategy in the first and second phases and backgrounding strategy in the third phase. Likewise, the strategies of backgrounding and foregrounding have been concurrently utilized on occasionhttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69378_3ee190aa0327d60a9fc5b14aa6572259.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121Political Negotiation Between Iranians and Muslims Throughout the Conquests (11-21 A. H)Political Negotiation Between Iranians and Muslims Throughout the Conquests (11-21 A. H)2052366938010.22081/hiq.2020.69380FAPezhmanAfkhami Amale QashqaiPh. D candidate in history of Iran after Islam, Khalij e- Fars UniversityAhmadZanganeh AbadiPh. D candidate in history of Iran after Islam, Khalij e- Fars UniversityHassanAllahyariPh. D in history of Iran after Islam, assistant professor of history department, Khalij e- Fars UniversityJournal Article20170526In Sassanid era, Iran was conquered by the Muslims and the gradual domination of Muslim Arabs on Iran was initiated successively. The investigation of sources related to this era clarifies that various political exchanges was done among the political leaders, Sassanid military commanders and Muslims in time of conquests from 11 to 21 A.H between Iran and Muslim Arabs. These negotiations led to no conclusion and could not prevent the military opposition. This research is to study the way of negotiating and clarify the main reason why they led to no conclusion as well as the happening of war through the historical analysis based on the content analysis and the utilization of library sources. The findings of research indicate that numerous negotiations were gently done among the parties. However, the negotiations mostly led to bragging due to the Muslims’ religious beliefs and the strategic discourse based on the Iranians’ materialistic analyses. <br />Eventually, the different approaches of the parties along with the superciliousness of the Iranians in time of negotiation made the war inevitable. Nevertheless, it seems that a covert deterioration in Sassanid camp was developed after these negotiationsIn Sassanid era, Iran was conquered by the Muslims and the gradual domination of Muslim Arabs on Iran was initiated successively. The investigation of sources related to this era clarifies that various political exchanges was done among the political leaders, Sassanid military commanders and Muslims in time of conquests from 11 to 21 A.H between Iran and Muslim Arabs. These negotiations led to no conclusion and could not prevent the military opposition. This research is to study the way of negotiating and clarify the main reason why they led to no conclusion as well as the happening of war through the historical analysis based on the content analysis and the utilization of library sources. The findings of research indicate that numerous negotiations were gently done among the parties. However, the negotiations mostly led to bragging due to the Muslims’ religious beliefs and the strategic discourse based on the Iranians’ materialistic analyses. <br />Eventually, the different approaches of the parties along with the superciliousness of the Iranians in time of negotiation made the war inevitable. Nevertheless, it seems that a covert deterioration in Sassanid camp was developed after these negotiationshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69380_a6ec5b56147d516167411bd0dd36d2ff.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121The Critical Analysis of Orientalists Ideas concerning Security in Iran; Case Study: Sir John Malcom’s WorksThe Critical Analysis of Orientalists Ideas concerning Security in Iran; Case Study: Sir John Malcom’s Works2372826937910.22081/hiq.2020.69379FARezaBigdelooAssistant professor of history in research group of political geography, institute of disciplinary science and social studiesMohammadAhmadabadiAssistant professor of history in research group of political geography, institute of disciplinary science and social studiesJournal Article20190430Orientalism has been founded on a network of representations, social - political sciences and beliefs and it has developed a distinguished discourse. Iranology considered as one of the branches of orientalism is consistent with it in many aspects. The researches related to orientalism are considered as the main source of developing concepts in relation to the nature of eastern communities and they are applied in the direction of the identification and analysis of these communities. Orientalism clarifies the social relations in the eastern communities with the sovereignty of government based on the eastern dictatorship, lack of civil community and private ownership, stagnation, disagreement between the government and nation, lack of a formulized law, slavish obedience of peasantry from the monarch and lack of political and social stability and security. Malcom, an outstanding Ironologist, provided ideas being so effective on the development of theories pertaining to the nature of government and community and the relations between them. Through the historical analysis method as well as the study of fundamental principles of Malcom’s ideas, this research investigates the concept of security and the strategies taken towards the provision of security in Iran in view of Malcom. The finding of this research indicate that Malcom analyzed the development of security in Iran in view of dictatorship government that succeeded to provide the security by relying on the military power as well as the people’s fear of the government. In his view, Islam religion and its decrees were the cause of developing dictatorship, insecurity and destabilization in the Islamic communities including Iran; while, the provision of security in Iran has been mostly based on the culture, social traditions and religious instructions more than fear of the governed authority.Orientalism has been founded on a network of representations, social - political sciences and beliefs and it has developed a distinguished discourse. Iranology considered as one of the branches of orientalism is consistent with it in many aspects. The researches related to orientalism are considered as the main source of developing concepts in relation to the nature of eastern communities and they are applied in the direction of the identification and analysis of these communities. Orientalism clarifies the social relations in the eastern communities with the sovereignty of government based on the eastern dictatorship, lack of civil community and private ownership, stagnation, disagreement between the government and nation, lack of a formulized law, slavish obedience of peasantry from the monarch and lack of political and social stability and security. Malcom, an outstanding Ironologist, provided ideas being so effective on the development of theories pertaining to the nature of government and community and the relations between them. Through the historical analysis method as well as the study of fundamental principles of Malcom’s ideas, this research investigates the concept of security and the strategies taken towards the provision of security in Iran in view of Malcom. The finding of this research indicate that Malcom analyzed the development of security in Iran in view of dictatorship government that succeeded to provide the security by relying on the military power as well as the people’s fear of the government. In his view, Islam religion and its decrees were the cause of developing dictatorship, insecurity and destabilization in the Islamic communities including Iran; while, the provision of security in Iran has been mostly based on the culture, social traditions and religious instructions more than fear of the governed authority.https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69379_df30609b18a3484b1529afd60715c8ee.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643121Issue 8320201121Political-Military Relations Between Banihood and Qeshtaleh GovernmentsPolitical-Military Relations Between Banihood and Qeshtaleh Governments2833106938110.22081/hiq.2020.69381FARezvanYazdaniPh. D in history and civilization of Islamic nation, faculty of law, theology and political science, Islamic Azad university, science and research branchYounesFarahmandAssociate Professor, Department of History and Civilization of Islamic Nations, Tehran Science and Research, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.QanbaraliRoodgarAssistant professor of theology department, Farhangiyan University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20170617Banihood was considered as one of the foremost feudal Dynasties in Andalusia (422-898 A.H) governing in the north eastern part namely Theqar e- A’la with the centrality of Sarqesteh from 431 to 503 A.H. In order to preserve their regional authority, they developed political and military relations with their Christian neighbor, Qeshtaleh, about seventy years. Taking advantage of the historical sources and the descriptive-analytical approach, this research investigates the political- military relations between Banihood and Qeshtaleh as well as the reasons of amity and enmity between them. It finally concludes that the purpose of their providing political- military relations was achieving unity in the region to keep on political domination in the east of Andalusia. However, Qeshtaleh monarchy was looking for the other objectives such as the economic benefits, the extension of its territory as well as the penetration into the Islamic landsBanihood was considered as one of the foremost feudal Dynasties in Andalusia (422-898 A.H) governing in the north eastern part namely Theqar e- A’la with the centrality of Sarqesteh from 431 to 503 A.H. In order to preserve their regional authority, they developed political and military relations with their Christian neighbor, Qeshtaleh, about seventy years. Taking advantage of the historical sources and the descriptive-analytical approach, this research investigates the political- military relations between Banihood and Qeshtaleh as well as the reasons of amity and enmity between them. It finally concludes that the purpose of their providing political- military relations was achieving unity in the region to keep on political domination in the east of Andalusia. However, Qeshtaleh monarchy was looking for the other objectives such as the economic benefits, the extension of its territory as well as the penetration into the Islamic landshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_69381_930dc35eb398b2d3f79c2127c966ec9d.pdf