Baqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622The Narrations of Tragic Event of Ashura in Al- Akhbar al- Theval and Criterion of CriticismThe Narrations of Tragic Event of Ashura in Al- Akhbar al- Theval and Criterion of Criticism7406707510.22081/hiq.2019.67075FAMohsenRafatAssistant Professor and Faculty Member of Quran and Hadith Department, Hazrat Masoomeh UniversityJournal Article20160311The Reflection of martyrdom of Hussain or <em>Maqtal al- Hussain</em> in Al- Akhbar al- Theval has some similarities with reports of Ashura event in Tabari history; however, it has some differences with it and other martyrdoms. In this regard, it is necessary to investigate this issue. This martyrdom in which some narrations are found about tragic event of Ashura is not in agreement with the definite events and historical reports in some cases. In other cases, it is observed some vulnerable reports about the status of infallible Imam and his household family and this matter has been a basis for the speech between the Shiite and Sunnite scholars in the later centuries. In this article, it is tried to study the early reports in this book after the evaluation of the character of the author and some explanations about his book by taking advantage of the library research method as well as the analytical-critical approachThe Reflection of martyrdom of Hussain or <em>Maqtal al- Hussain</em> in Al- Akhbar al- Theval has some similarities with reports of Ashura event in Tabari history; however, it has some differences with it and other martyrdoms. In this regard, it is necessary to investigate this issue. This martyrdom in which some narrations are found about tragic event of Ashura is not in agreement with the definite events and historical reports in some cases. In other cases, it is observed some vulnerable reports about the status of infallible Imam and his household family and this matter has been a basis for the speech between the Shiite and Sunnite scholars in the later centuries. In this article, it is tried to study the early reports in this book after the evaluation of the character of the author and some explanations about his book by taking advantage of the library research method as well as the analytical-critical approachhttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67075_f249f59250cfbb77c18babc3eade0add.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622The Study of Imam Raza’s (PBUH) Disputation StyleThe Study of Imam Raza’s (PBUH) Disputation Style41786707610.22081/hiq.2019.67076FASiyavashYariAssociate professor of history of Islam, Ilam UniversityMahdiAkbarnezhadAssociate professor of Quran and Hadith science, Ilam UniversityMortezaAkbariAssistant professor of history of Islam, Ilam UniversityPeymanSalehiAssistant professor of Arabic language and literature, Ilam university corresponding authorJournal Article20161104Disputation is considered as one of the propagating methods utilized by prophets and God’s saints to invite people towards theism and to settle the religious disputes and it has been emphasized in some verses of Holy Quran. The communication between Islam and different religions initiated from the era of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and continued in the age of his successors and it reached to the highest level in time of Imam Reza (PBUH). This article concluded that Imam Reza (PBUH) presented his messages consistent with the knowledge of his addressees. In order to increase the effects of his messages, that holiness referred to the holy texts and took advantage of all kinds of literary and rhetorical methods such as the repetition, harmony of words, illustration, logical order of discussions, presentation of proof through the intellectual restriction, agreement between word and meaning, conscious selection of words and application of emphatic structuresDisputation is considered as one of the propagating methods utilized by prophets and God’s saints to invite people towards theism and to settle the religious disputes and it has been emphasized in some verses of Holy Quran. The communication between Islam and different religions initiated from the era of Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) and continued in the age of his successors and it reached to the highest level in time of Imam Reza (PBUH). This article concluded that Imam Reza (PBUH) presented his messages consistent with the knowledge of his addressees. In order to increase the effects of his messages, that holiness referred to the holy texts and took advantage of all kinds of literary and rhetorical methods such as the repetition, harmony of words, illustration, logical order of discussions, presentation of proof through the intellectual restriction, agreement between word and meaning, conscious selection of words and application of emphatic structureshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67076_a4e5c6bbf9fa46ea624ce9082b7bec20.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Historical Investigation of the Originality of Horr Ibn e- Yazid e- Riyahi’s GraveHistorical Investigation of the Originality of Horr Ibn e- Yazid e- Riyahi’s Grave79986707710.22081/hiq.2019.67077FAEbrahimSalehi HajiabadiPh.D. Candidate of History of Islam, Baqir al- Olum UniversitySeyed IbrahimSarparast SadatAssistant Professor of Allameh Tabatabaee UniversityREZARAMAZANIFaculty Member of Ayatollah Borujerdi UniversityJournal Article20160315The collection of events related to the tragic event of Ashura is in need of research and evaluation. The present article puts emphasis on the question in regard with the originality of the grave belonging toHorr Ibn e- Yazid e- Riyahi (56 After Hijrah) and it investigates two viewpoints in this regard. According to Some historical reports, Horr’s pure body was buried in a place famous for Horr’s grave by his tribe after Ashura event and the exhumation of the grave by Shah Ismail (930 After Hijrah) as well as the people’s pilgrimage are the evidence for the truth of their claim. Another viewpoint is that<em>.</em> his pure body was buried in a collective grave with other martyrs in Rozeh Hosseini. Relying on the descriptive-analytical research method and referring to the reliable ancient sources, this research concludes that Horr has been buried with other martyrs in a collective grave named Rotheh HosseiniThe collection of events related to the tragic event of Ashura is in need of research and evaluation. The present article puts emphasis on the question in regard with the originality of the grave belonging toHorr Ibn e- Yazid e- Riyahi (56 After Hijrah) and it investigates two viewpoints in this regard. According to Some historical reports, Horr’s pure body was buried in a place famous for Horr’s grave by his tribe after Ashura event and the exhumation of the grave by Shah Ismail (930 After Hijrah) as well as the people’s pilgrimage are the evidence for the truth of their claim. Another viewpoint is that<em>.</em> his pure body was buried in a collective grave with other martyrs in Rozeh Hosseini. Relying on the descriptive-analytical research method and referring to the reliable ancient sources, this research concludes that Horr has been buried with other martyrs in a collective grave named Rotheh Hosseinihttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67077_315230b90057a310da36be9e68fc1434.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Educational Institutes of Khorasan in the Abbasid Era with the Emphasis on M’amun’s Caliphate Era (198-218 After Hijrah)Educational Institutes of Khorasan in the Abbasid Era with the Emphasis on M’amun’s Caliphate Era (198-218 After Hijrah)991286707810.22081/hiq.2019.67078FASeyed AbolfazlRazaviAssociate professor of history department, Kharazmi UniversityHassanZandiyrehAssistant professor of history department, Tehran UniversityKamalZarifiyan ManeshM.A in History of Islam, Kharazmi UniversityJournal Article20160908Cultural prosperity in the first era of the Abbasid government, the relative authority, the toleration of caliphs, the presence of statesmen in this era, the economic and social conditions dominated on the Islamic territory provided the ground for the Muslims to take advantage of cultural inheritance of other nations such asEducational institutes to fulfill some parts of Islamic instructions in regard with seeking knowledge and civility. Meanwhile, Khorasan was of particular position thanks to the elements such as the particular position of Khorasan in creating and strengthening of the Abbasids’ authority, Ma’mun’s interest to settle in this area and his role in regard with the scientific activities and finally the particular economic, social and political conditions in Khorasan which was developed by the advent of the local governments. The investigation of scientific and educational development in Khorasan with the emphasis on the position of educational centers in time of Ma’mun as well as the study of the effectiveness of political conditions particularly the role of statesmen are the issues followed in the present research by taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method and the primary sourcesCultural prosperity in the first era of the Abbasid government, the relative authority, the toleration of caliphs, the presence of statesmen in this era, the economic and social conditions dominated on the Islamic territory provided the ground for the Muslims to take advantage of cultural inheritance of other nations such asEducational institutes to fulfill some parts of Islamic instructions in regard with seeking knowledge and civility. Meanwhile, Khorasan was of particular position thanks to the elements such as the particular position of Khorasan in creating and strengthening of the Abbasids’ authority, Ma’mun’s interest to settle in this area and his role in regard with the scientific activities and finally the particular economic, social and political conditions in Khorasan which was developed by the advent of the local governments. The investigation of scientific and educational development in Khorasan with the emphasis on the position of educational centers in time of Ma’mun as well as the study of the effectiveness of political conditions particularly the role of statesmen are the issues followed in the present research by taking advantage of the descriptive-analytical method and the primary sourceshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67078_2c669c647459ce96a44e85436edb02b7.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Critical Study of the Article regarding “The Analytical Investigation of Narrative Historiography of Imamiyeh to the Half of the Fifth Century”Critical Study of the Article regarding “The Analytical Investigation of Narrative Historiography of Imamiyeh to the Half of the Fifth Century”1291726707910.22081/hiq.2019.67079FAAmirAshtari TalkhestaniPh. D student of history of Islam, Imam Khomeini research and education instituteMohammad JavadYavari SartakhtiFaculty member of Baqir al-Olum UniversityJournal Article20180530The present article criticizes the article in regard with“the analytical investigation of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh”. It raises the question related to the properties of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh and presents an analysis in this regard. The researcher investigates this kind of historiography, the motivation of traditionists (hadith recorders) and compares their approaches in reporting the historical events relying on the viewpoints of historians. Following the assessment of the method and the content analysis of the article, the researcher concluded that the aforementioned article has criticized Hadith recording of Imamiyeh instead of their narrative historiography due to the different reasons such as lack of an accurate definition from the concepts, issuing the general decrees, disregrarding the typology of historical and hadith related sources, no identification and seperation of historical narrations from non-historical ones, a selective approach towards narrations in order to present a general analysis and other similar casesThe present article criticizes the article in regard with“the analytical investigation of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh”. It raises the question related to the properties of narrative historiography of Imamiyeh and presents an analysis in this regard. The researcher investigates this kind of historiography, the motivation of traditionists (hadith recorders) and compares their approaches in reporting the historical events relying on the viewpoints of historians. Following the assessment of the method and the content analysis of the article, the researcher concluded that the aforementioned article has criticized Hadith recording of Imamiyeh instead of their narrative historiography due to the different reasons such as lack of an accurate definition from the concepts, issuing the general decrees, disregrarding the typology of historical and hadith related sources, no identification and seperation of historical narrations from non-historical ones, a selective approach towards narrations in order to present a general analysis and other similar caseshttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67079_2e4df7866158500fdf47cc14c74c73f8.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622The Necessity of Reflective convergence of Twelvers’ Narrative HistoriographyThe Necessity of Reflective convergence of Twelvers’ Narrative Historiography1732026708010.22081/hiq.2019.67080FARoohollahTohidiniyaSeminary School Student of Qom and Ph. D. Candidate of Tehran UniversityJournal Article20190204The study of the article regarding the critical study of narrative historiography of Twelvers to the half of the fifth century clarifies that about fifty cases attributed to the article regarding the analytical study of narrative historiography of Twelvers to the half of the fifth century is not in agreement with reality and many stated faults or errors refers to prejudgments in the article of criticism and consequently, it has different account from the main article. However, some faults regarding the documentation, reference and signification are considered as the acceptable evidences. Considering the results of this criticism, it is possible to talk more certainly about the different quiddity of the narrative historiography of Twelvers. The agreement of researchers about the necessity of reflective study of the effect of method and approach of the scholars of Hadith on their historical works can be a step ahead toward achieving the scientific objectives stated in the main articleThe study of the article regarding the critical study of narrative historiography of Twelvers to the half of the fifth century clarifies that about fifty cases attributed to the article regarding the analytical study of narrative historiography of Twelvers to the half of the fifth century is not in agreement with reality and many stated faults or errors refers to prejudgments in the article of criticism and consequently, it has different account from the main article. However, some faults regarding the documentation, reference and signification are considered as the acceptable evidences. Considering the results of this criticism, it is possible to talk more certainly about the different quiddity of the narrative historiography of Twelvers. The agreement of researchers about the necessity of reflective study of the effect of method and approach of the scholars of Hadith on their historical works can be a step ahead toward achieving the scientific objectives stated in the main articlehttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67080_7596c8796db8f652b53e4dbfeffc2905.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Convergence and Divergence between Atabakan e- Zangi and Abbasid caliphateConvergence and Divergence between Atabakan e- Zangi and Abbasid caliphate2032326708110.22081/hiq.2019.67081FAHamidMozaffariM. A in history of IslamSeyed AhmadAghiliAssistant Professor, Department of History, Sistan and Baluchestan UniversityMostafaPirmoradiyanAssociate professor of history department, Isfahan UniversityJournal Article20161103Atabakan e- Zangi was a Turkish government that they formally achieved authority from 521 to 624 After Hijrah in Mosel and governed in some states in the North of Iraq. Due to theparticular conditions of the world of Islam at that time, this government could have important relations with some authorities including Byzantine Empire, Antakya (Antioch) and Raha governorships, kingdom of Jerusalem and Abbasid caliphate. Taking advantage of the historical approach and descriptive-analytical method, the present research investigated the changes in the relationship between Atabakan e- Zangi and Abbasid caliphate as well as the conditions, reasons, and the trend of this relationship. Finally, it concluded that the relationships between these two governments affected by their internal policies and the conditions of time passed from divergence to convergence respectivelyAtabakan e- Zangi was a Turkish government that they formally achieved authority from 521 to 624 After Hijrah in Mosel and governed in some states in the North of Iraq. Due to theparticular conditions of the world of Islam at that time, this government could have important relations with some authorities including Byzantine Empire, Antakya (Antioch) and Raha governorships, kingdom of Jerusalem and Abbasid caliphate. Taking advantage of the historical approach and descriptive-analytical method, the present research investigated the changes in the relationship between Atabakan e- Zangi and Abbasid caliphate as well as the conditions, reasons, and the trend of this relationship. Finally, it concluded that the relationships between these two governments affected by their internal policies and the conditions of time passed from divergence to convergence respectivelyhttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67081_8393d2ec0286db412113a5f38e5d53f0.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Investigation of the Relationship between the Iranian Nationalism and Safavid DiscoursesInvestigation of the Relationship between the Iranian Nationalism and Safavid Discourses2332726708210.22081/hiq.2019.67082FAAbolqasemArefnezhadAssistant professor of history of Islamic culture and civilization, Payam e- Noor UniversityAliTahuriniaM.A in history of Shiism, Payam e- Noor universityJournal Article20160416Iranian nationalism is considered as a discourse which aims to preserve the signification of Iranian identity and to stabilize it in its conceptual atmosphere through blending the structure of various significants. On the other hand, Safavid government with the significant of religion developed an authoritative and united government in Iran in 907 After Hijrah. The existence of common significants between these two discourses raises this question concerning the kind of relationship between Iranian nationalism discourse and Safavid discourse as well as the common significants in these two discourses. Since, other and otherness are of significant position in the formation of discourse, the present article takes advantage of discourse analysis of Laclau and Mouffe and concludes that there are common significants in these two discourses which look the same as each other while their discourse analysis clarifies that the semiotics of these two discourses have been developed in two different conceptual atmospheres and the main reason of apparent commonality of significants is due to priority of politics and the achievement of hegemony in both discourses which leads to the exclusion of any element regarding the increase of authority from the domain of discourse and its inclusion in their own discourse frameworkIranian nationalism is considered as a discourse which aims to preserve the signification of Iranian identity and to stabilize it in its conceptual atmosphere through blending the structure of various significants. On the other hand, Safavid government with the significant of religion developed an authoritative and united government in Iran in 907 After Hijrah. The existence of common significants between these two discourses raises this question concerning the kind of relationship between Iranian nationalism discourse and Safavid discourse as well as the common significants in these two discourses. Since, other and otherness are of significant position in the formation of discourse, the present article takes advantage of discourse analysis of Laclau and Mouffe and concludes that there are common significants in these two discourses which look the same as each other while their discourse analysis clarifies that the semiotics of these two discourses have been developed in two different conceptual atmospheres and the main reason of apparent commonality of significants is due to priority of politics and the achievement of hegemony in both discourses which leads to the exclusion of any element regarding the increase of authority from the domain of discourse and its inclusion in their own discourse frameworkhttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67082_effc5771dd33acb4eeb7a726de2e8439.pdfBaqir al-Olum UniversityHistory of Islam2008-643119Issue 7620190622Trend of Development of Ottoman Caliphate (716-804 After Hijrah) from warriorship to GovernanceTrend of Development of Ottoman Caliphate (716-804 After Hijrah) from warriorship to Governance2733166708310.22081/hiq.2019.67083FAAhmadFallahzadehGraduated from Qom seminary school and the Ph.D. student of history of Islam, university of Islamic religionsJournal Article20150711Ottoman caliphate as the last Islamic Empire has passed various stages in time of development.The increasing development of this government from leadership, government and caliphate shows several phases of transferring the political-military thought of authority in itself. This dynasty’s achieving a political-military organization in a historical phase is due to the failure of Saljuqids in Rome, the geography of conquests and possessions, and their imagination about victories. Meanwhile, the role of religious structure of Anatoly region, following of Turkism in this area, warriorship of the Turkish and the process of collapse of Byzantine Empire should not be denied. Analyzing and describing the data, the present article is to investigate the tribal structure of Turkish , Ottomans’ inheriting from Saljuqids, belief discourses in ottoman conquests , ottomans’ taking advantage of Safavid thoughts, selecting Hanafi jurisprudence and the political role of Turkish language and to show that ottoman caliphate has passed four phases in the first century of its life from the beginning of Ottoman’s possessions (716) to Fetrat resulting from the Timor’s victory and conquering Bayazid (804), from the warriorship to the development of governmentOttoman caliphate as the last Islamic Empire has passed various stages in time of development.The increasing development of this government from leadership, government and caliphate shows several phases of transferring the political-military thought of authority in itself. This dynasty’s achieving a political-military organization in a historical phase is due to the failure of Saljuqids in Rome, the geography of conquests and possessions, and their imagination about victories. Meanwhile, the role of religious structure of Anatoly region, following of Turkism in this area, warriorship of the Turkish and the process of collapse of Byzantine Empire should not be denied. Analyzing and describing the data, the present article is to investigate the tribal structure of Turkish , Ottomans’ inheriting from Saljuqids, belief discourses in ottoman conquests , ottomans’ taking advantage of Safavid thoughts, selecting Hanafi jurisprudence and the political role of Turkish language and to show that ottoman caliphate has passed four phases in the first century of its life from the beginning of Ottoman’s possessions (716) to Fetrat resulting from the Timor’s victory and conquering Bayazid (804), from the warriorship to the development of governmenthttps://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_67083_dd13c682ade5dfe3c69f27825051dc6a.pdf