Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 "Tاmah" and its Development in the Administrative and Financial Organizations of Early Islam "Tاmah" and its Development in the Administrative and Financial Organizations of Early Islam 5 14 6420 FA Sayyed Jamal Mussavi Journal Article 2014 07 03 As a jargon idiom, "tاmah" has had different meanings and senses in Muslim administrative and financial organizations during different historical periods. In Prophet Muhammad's lifetime, it meant to cede or assign specific shares of public land harvest to individuals. Next, during the era of the khilafah, it meant a kind of an allotment of real estates that actually granted the right to the revenues of a particular piece of government estate to other parties. Using historical proofs and records, this paper discusses the meanings (in use) of the term "tاmah" in early Islam, in the Prophot's lifetime, and during the rule of the Rashidin (Guiding) Khalifahs and the reign of the Umayyad Dynasty. As a jargon idiom, "tاmah" has had different meanings and senses in Muslim administrative and financial organizations during different historical periods. In Prophet Muhammad's lifetime, it meant to cede or assign specific shares of public land harvest to individuals. Next, during the era of the khilafah, it meant a kind of an allotment of real estates that actually granted the right to the revenues of a particular piece of government estate to other parties. Using historical proofs and records, this paper discusses the meanings (in use) of the term "tاmah" in early Islam, in the Prophot's lifetime, and during the rule of the Rashidin (Guiding) Khalifahs and the reign of the Umayyad Dynasty. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6420_f95f319fb120fa80c10cdf4c47d46615.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 Bani-Ghaniyah A Rulling dynasty in al-Maghrib (the Muslim West) Bani-Ghaniyah A Rulling dynasty in al-Maghrib (the Muslim West) 15 40 6421 FA Shahla Bakhtiyari Journal Article 2014 07 03 The Bani-Ghaniyah were a Berber clan who, in the 6th century AH, rose to power in eastern Andalusia and Ifrighiyyah (Muslim Africa). The first emir of the new Berber dynasty was muhammad bin Ali bin Ghaniyah al-Musufi and the last, Abdullah bin Ishagh. Following the fall of al-Murabitun with whose support they had come to power, and during the rule of al-Muwahhidun; the Bani-Ghaniyah continued to rank among ardent supporters of Almoravid (al-Murabitun) thought. The raids of the Bani-Ghaniyah on the Almohads (al-Muwahhidun) withheld peace and stability from the new dominant power in Muslim Spain for a long time to come. The army that they had mustered from immigrant and desert Arabs caused chaos and instability in Ifrighiyyah in the Second half of the 6th and first half of the 7th centuries (A H). Nevertheless, constant military blows inflicted upon them by al-Muwahhidun and the Hafsids (in modern Tunisia) finally ended the presence of Bani-Ghaniyah in Ifrighiyyah. An offshoot of Bani-Ghaniyah dynasty was present in Mayurghah which was conquered by al-Muwahhidun in the closing years of the 6th century (A H) and kept by them until their defeat by the christians in the 13th century AD. The Bani-Ghaniyah were a Berber clan who, in the 6th century AH, rose to power in eastern Andalusia and Ifrighiyyah (Muslim Africa). The first emir of the new Berber dynasty was muhammad bin Ali bin Ghaniyah al-Musufi and the last, Abdullah bin Ishagh. Following the fall of al-Murabitun with whose support they had come to power, and during the rule of al-Muwahhidun; the Bani-Ghaniyah continued to rank among ardent supporters of Almoravid (al-Murabitun) thought. The raids of the Bani-Ghaniyah on the Almohads (al-Muwahhidun) withheld peace and stability from the new dominant power in Muslim Spain for a long time to come. The army that they had mustered from immigrant and desert Arabs caused chaos and instability in Ifrighiyyah in the Second half of the 6th and first half of the 7th centuries (A H). Nevertheless, constant military blows inflicted upon them by al-Muwahhidun and the Hafsids (in modern Tunisia) finally ended the presence of Bani-Ghaniyah in Ifrighiyyah. An offshoot of Bani-Ghaniyah dynasty was present in Mayurghah which was conquered by al-Muwahhidun in the closing years of the 6th century (A H) and kept by them until their defeat by the christians in the 13th century AD. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6421_ae9143f5fcd07e4f35f727b79e522f70.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 The Philosophical and Theological Concepts in the al-Muwahhidun Period The Philosophical and Theological Concepts in the al-Muwahhidun Period 41 74 6422 FA Mohammad - Reza Pak Journal Article 2014 07 03 At the same time when the Spanish Christians were planning an all out invasion against Muslims, along with the Crusaders; and while the Abbasid Khilafah was busy containing the Shi in al-Maghribب spread of ah Islam and trying to establish a degree of stability and order (the Muslim West-to be exact, NW Africa) to secure the interests of the Sunni branch of Islam; al-Muwahhidun (the Almohads) took control of Maghrib based on their ideology of Mahdism. Two centuries of controversy in the spheres of philosophy and theology finally led to a valuable result during the al-Muwahhidun period. Although the spread of Ibn Rushd's philosophical views in the Christian West was met with severe reactions on the part of the church, christian theologians welcomed al-Ghazzali's word. Integration, assimilation, and compilation of various philosophical and theological concepts are among the outstanding scholarly features of the Almohad period. At the same time when the Spanish Christians were planning an all out invasion against Muslims, along with the Crusaders; and while the Abbasid Khilafah was busy containing the Shi in al-Maghribب spread of ah Islam and trying to establish a degree of stability and order (the Muslim West-to be exact, NW Africa) to secure the interests of the Sunni branch of Islam; al-Muwahhidun (the Almohads) took control of Maghrib based on their ideology of Mahdism. Two centuries of controversy in the spheres of philosophy and theology finally led to a valuable result during the al-Muwahhidun period. Although the spread of Ibn Rushd's philosophical views in the Christian West was met with severe reactions on the part of the church, christian theologians welcomed al-Ghazzali's word. Integration, assimilation, and compilation of various philosophical and theological concepts are among the outstanding scholarly features of the Almohad period. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6422_e88d6cf1cb8189c51f3bcc351a1f8f14.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 The "Sadat" in the Mongol Period The "Sadat" in the Mongol Period 75 88 6424 FA Javad àbasi Journal Article 2014 07 04 A social outcome of the rise of Islam was the appearance of a social class called "Sadat" (descendants of Prophet Muhammad's clan, Bani-Hashim) in the Muslim community. With the expansion of Islam into other territories, the Sadat spread east and west to the outer-most borders of the Muslim World being considered a respectable and influential group in every community they lived in. Iran was among the lands wherein the Sadat excerised great influence and achieved prominent social position constantly adding to their good fame and esteem. Nonetheless, the Sadat's social prominence was naturally affected by the changing political, social, economic, and religious conditions of different periods in the history of Iran. A social outcome of the rise of Islam was the appearance of a social class called "Sadat" (descendants of Prophet Muhammad's clan, Bani-Hashim) in the Muslim community. With the expansion of Islam into other territories, the Sadat spread east and west to the outer-most borders of the Muslim World being considered a respectable and influential group in every community they lived in. Iran was among the lands wherein the Sadat excerised great influence and achieved prominent social position constantly adding to their good fame and esteem. Nonetheless, the Sadat's social prominence was naturally affected by the changing political, social, economic, and religious conditions of different periods in the history of Iran. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6424_6395a06a4c969ec4a1d37edcbd642058.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 Ali and His Notion of Power Ali and His Notion of Power 89 118 6425 FA Ali Karimi Journal Article 2014 07 04 Ali's political concept and his views on power have always attracted historians and scholars. Among the various approaches to this issue, there is one that distinguishes Ali ibn-e Abitalib from other Muslim rulers. According to this approach, Ali is an ideal ruler and a man of principle who views power as an arbitrary phenomenon. The present writing, merely an introduction on this matter, tries to discuss this approach based on a number of historical records. Ali's political concept and his views on power have always attracted historians and scholars. Among the various approaches to this issue, there is one that distinguishes Ali ibn-e Abitalib from other Muslim rulers. According to this approach, Ali is an ideal ruler and a man of principle who views power as an arbitrary phenomenon. The present writing, merely an introduction on this matter, tries to discuss this approach based on a number of historical records. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6425_aa270cea2cfece8b0b96d853f5a2ac28.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 . . 119 142 6426 FA Mir Hadi Hoseyni Journal Article 2014 07 04 https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6426_583d82b92f06c743cf1e3f9e4ecf10d1.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 The Literature of Jihad in the 13th Century Iran The Literature of Jihad in the 13th Century Iran 143 158 6427 FA Ann Lambton Nasrol-lah Salehi Journal Article 2014 07 04 The text whose translation follows is one of the first investigations on the topic of "Jihadiyah" in the Qajar Period. writer has discussedب After a brief look at the precept of jihad in early Islam; the ite fiqh and theology in four major periods of shiب the status of jihad in the Shi ah history namely the Bاyid; Il-Khanid; Safavid; and, in particular, the Qajar. For each one of these four periods, he has cited the viewpoint of one of the most prominent faqihs, or jurists, of that time reviewing his paper, the opinions on the issue of jihad. Accordingly, in the concluding part of the اlama, or writer has discussed the relations of the religious Scholars, with the government during the reign of the second Qajar king, Fath Ali Shah; and having in mind the most important issue of the period, the Russo-Iranian Wars, he has referred to the necessity of issuing fatwas (decrees) of jihad against Russia by the اlama. As a case study, the writer has selected the "Jihadiyah" chapter of "Kashf-ul-Ghitب",a work by shaikh Jfar al- Kashif-ul-Ghit. While reviewing this particular case, the writer has also translated part of its original Arabic text into English and incorporated it in his article. The text whose translation follows is one of the first investigations on the topic of "Jihadiyah" in the Qajar Period. writer has discussedب After a brief look at the precept of jihad in early Islam; the ite fiqh and theology in four major periods of shiب the status of jihad in the Shi ah history namely the Bاyid; Il-Khanid; Safavid; and, in particular, the Qajar. For each one of these four periods, he has cited the viewpoint of one of the most prominent faqihs, or jurists, of that time reviewing his paper, the opinions on the issue of jihad. Accordingly, in the concluding part of the اlama, or writer has discussed the relations of the religious Scholars, with the government during the reign of the second Qajar king, Fath Ali Shah; and having in mind the most important issue of the period, the Russo-Iranian Wars, he has referred to the necessity of issuing fatwas (decrees) of jihad against Russia by the اlama. As a case study, the writer has selected the "Jihadiyah" chapter of "Kashf-ul-Ghitب",a work by shaikh Jfar al- Kashif-ul-Ghit. While reviewing this particular case, the writer has also translated part of its original Arabic text into English and incorporated it in his article. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6427_2460b8a814a738c3169a8f98a29eed15.pdf

Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 3 Issue 12 2002 12 22 Ottoman Empire and Reformations; Midhat Pasha Ottoman Empire and Reformations; Midhat Pasha 159 196 6428 FA M.Tayeb Bilgin Hassan Hazrati Journal Article 2014 07 04 Because of its contacts with the Western World's culture, and also because it was suffering from many fundamental problems at home, the Ottoman Empire took up the task of instituting reforms on all fronts in the 19th century. The period in Which these reforms were made is called the "Tanzimat Age". These reforms that are known as the "Tanzimat" were in fact begun when the first reform edicts were issued on Shؤban 26, 1255 AH; Nov. 3, 1839. Undoubtedly, one of the most influential players on the Ottoman reformation scene is the Turkish liberal politician, Midhat Pasha. The present text is a translation of the entry, "Midhat Pasa", of the "Grand Islamic Encyclopedia" in the Turkish Language, in which the writer has discussed this major Ottoman stateman's biography and political record in detail. Because of its contacts with the Western World's culture, and also because it was suffering from many fundamental problems at home, the Ottoman Empire took up the task of instituting reforms on all fronts in the 19th century. The period in Which these reforms were made is called the "Tanzimat Age". These reforms that are known as the "Tanzimat" were in fact begun when the first reform edicts were issued on Shؤban 26, 1255 AH; Nov. 3, 1839. Undoubtedly, one of the most influential players on the Ottoman reformation scene is the Turkish liberal politician, Midhat Pasha. The present text is a translation of the entry, "Midhat Pasa", of the "Grand Islamic Encyclopedia" in the Turkish Language, in which the writer has discussed this major Ottoman stateman's biography and political record in detail. https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6428_5055e65e21fca4c718653f2f2a9ae405.pdf