Baqir al-Olum University History of Islam 2008-6431 Articles in Press 2025 05 14 "Motivational typology of the survivors of the Tabuk battle and the management of the Messenger of God in facing them" "Motivational typology of the survivors of the Tabuk battle and the management of the Messenger of God in facing them" 77572 10.22081/hiq.2025.70527.2432 FA Zahra Ghorbanizadeh Al-Zahra community Ali Bahrami Qom seminary Journal Article 2024 12 15 Analysis of social behavior in crisis conditions requires a simultaneous examination of individual motivations and environmental factors. The Tabuk expedition, with its religious, social, and political challenges, provided an opportunity to distinguish between the believers and the hypocrites from the perspectives of intention (internal motivation) and incapacity (external conditions). This study examines the reciprocal role of internal and external motivations in shaping individual and collective behaviors and analyzes the reasons behind the non-participation of various groups. The primary objective of the article is to elucidate the complex interaction between psychological factors (such as personal interests and fear) and environmental conditions (such as social pressures and financial constraints) in either aligning with or contradicting the goals of the Islamic community. The research method is based on content analysis of historical Islamic sources (Quranic exegesis and prophetic biographies) and aligning them with the theoretical framework of motivation theory, with a particular emphasis on the dual dimensions of internal and external motivation. The results indicate that achieving a balance between internal and external motivations and creating an environment that supports sustained motivation leads to increased resilience, creativity, and productivity; whereas the internal motivations of the hypocrites (such as self-interest and hostility toward socio-religious objectives) and external conditions that promote discord predominantly influence their decisions, while the decisions of the believers are more affected by external incapacities. Analysis of social behavior in crisis conditions requires a simultaneous examination of individual motivations and environmental factors. The Tabuk expedition, with its religious, social, and political challenges, provided an opportunity to distinguish between the believers and the hypocrites from the perspectives of intention (internal motivation) and incapacity (external conditions). This study examines the reciprocal role of internal and external motivations in shaping individual and collective behaviors and analyzes the reasons behind the non-participation of various groups. The primary objective of the article is to elucidate the complex interaction between psychological factors (such as personal interests and fear) and environmental conditions (such as social pressures and financial constraints) in either aligning with or contradicting the goals of the Islamic community. The research method is based on content analysis of historical Islamic sources (Quranic exegesis and prophetic biographies) and aligning them with the theoretical framework of motivation theory, with a particular emphasis on the dual dimensions of internal and external motivation. The results indicate that achieving a balance between internal and external motivations and creating an environment that supports sustained motivation leads to increased resilience, creativity, and productivity; whereas the internal motivations of the hypocrites (such as self-interest and hostility toward socio-religious objectives) and external conditions that promote discord predominantly influence their decisions, while the decisions of the believers are more affected by external incapacities.