@article { author = {Najafi, Mohammad ه Javad}, title = {Genelogy in the Islamic Period}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {5-44}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The Science of genealogy in concerned with determining people's genealogical lines and methods involved in such determination, with the basic objective of preventing inaccuracies in establishing such ancestral lines. Genealogy is considered to be among the pre ه requisite sciences for the historian and can be classified as a sub ه division of biography. The history of genealogy among Arabs dates back to pre ه Islamic period. After Islam, the Umayyid dynasty vehemently supported the promotion of the science of genealogy. In the Abbasid period, as well, the issue of proving, theologi ه cally and legitimately, the rightfulness of the Ghuraysh and the rejection of Umayyids led to newer and more serious arguments in the field of genealogy. In this article, while describing the science of genealogy and its various methodological schools; the invention, the objective, and the historical evolution of this branch of knowledge throughout the Islamic era and up to the present age are discussed. In the end, a selection of major sources of this endeavor including the general sources, the genealogy of the Noble Prophet, the genealogy of some Arab tribes, and a number of investigations by Orientalists are brought to your attention in brief.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {نسب‏ شناسى در دوره‏ى اسلامى‏}, abstract_fa = {علم انساب از تعیین نسب مردم و روش‏هاى پژوهش در آن، با هدف پرهیز از خطا در تعیین نسب اشخاص سخن مى‏گوید. نسب‏شناسى از جمله علوم پایه براى مورخ محسوب مى‏شود و مى‏توان آن‏را در زیر مجموعه تراجم طبقه‏بندى کرد. تاریخ نسب‏شناسى در میان عرب به قبل از اسلام بر مى‏گردد لکن خلافت اموى بیشترین حمایت را از نسب‏شناسى داشت. در دوره عباسیان نیز مسأله‏ى کلامى و فقهىِ حقانیتِ قریش و نفى بنى امیه از آن، به طرح مباحث جدیدتر و جدى‏تر در عرصه‏ى نسب‏شناسى انجامید. در مقاله حاضر ضمن معرفى علم انساب و مکاتب آن سیر تاریخى پیدایش و تطور این دانش در اسلام تا عصر حاضر مورد بررسى قرار گرفته و در انتهاى مقاله گزیده‏اى از منابع مهم این شعبه از معرفت، شامل منابع عمومى، انساب پیامبر اکرم صلى الله علیه وآله وسلم قبایل، و بالاخره پاره‏اى از تحقیقات خاورشناسان به اجمال ارائه شده است.}, keywords_fa = {جاهلیت,اسلام,علم انساب,نسّابه,نژاد}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6429.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6429_533196a97d2f1cfdc009a8dd0a00a739.pdf} } @article { author = {Farshchee, Masoomeh}, title = {Historiography in the First Two Centuries AH}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {45-68}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Islamic historiography has always been influenced by different factors. A number of these factors are rooted in the needs of social life, and a number of others have sprung from the various levels of progress in human society. In this paper a few elements influential on the second category of factors and their prominent features are studied; and a relevant discussion on the historiographical schools of Medina and Iraq is also presented.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {تاریخ‏نگارى اسلامى در دو قرن اول هجرى}, abstract_fa = {جنبش فرهنگى تاریخ‏نگارى اسلامى همواره تحت تأثیر عوامل مختلف قرار گرفته است که بخشى از آنها ریشه در نیازهاى حیات اجتماعى و بخشى دیگر نیز از سطوح پیشرفت جامعه‏ى انسانى متأثر شده‏اند. در این مقاله به برخى عوامل مؤثر بر این بخش و ویژگى‏هاى آن توجه شده و به تناسب بحثى درباره‏ى مکاتب تاریخ‏نگارى مدینه و عراق طرح شده است.}, keywords_fa = {تاریخ‏نگارى اسلامى,روایات تاریخى,مکتب مدینه,مکتب عراق}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6430.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6430_20fc9f6c8383b5f06b61ce410b0a9aa0.pdf} } @article { author = {àzimzadeh Tehrani, Tahereh}, title = {Reasons for Husain ibn Ruh Nowbakhti's Arrest}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {69-84}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Husain ibn Ruh Nowbakhti, who is considered by the Twelver Shصah as the third special deputy to their 21th Imam, spent five years of his lifetime, 429 ه 929 AD, in the prison of al ه Mughtadir, the Addasid Khalifah. This article takes up the two reasons often cited for his arrest: 1. Refusal to pay what the government demanded of him. 2. Cooperation with Qarmatian. The article confirms the first and rejects the Second reason. In addition, a third hypothesis has been brought up here; that is, the Ghulat )Exaggerators( conspired and provoked the Abbasid establishment to arrest him.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {علل دست‏گیرى حسین بن روح نوبختى‏}, abstract_fa = {حسین‏بن روح نوبختى که نزد امامیه به عنوان سومین نایب خاص امام دوازدهم علیه السلام معروف است، پنج سال از عمر خود را (317 - 312 ق / 929 - 924 م) در زندان مقتدر، خلیفه‏ى عباسى، به سر برد. این نوشته به بررسى علل دست‏گیرى او مى‏پردازد. در مورد دست‏گیرى او دو علت مطرح شده است: 1. عدم پرداخت اموالى که حکومت از او مطالبه مى‏کرد؛ 2. همکارى با قرامطه. در این مقاله علت اول تأیید و علت دوم رد شده است؛ علاوه بر آن، فرض سومى نیز با تکیه بر قراین مطرح شده است و آن این‏که، غالیان با کمک حکومت موجبات دست‏گیرىِ حسین‏بن روح را فراهم کردند.}, keywords_fa = {نواب امام دوازدهم‏علیه السلام,حسین‏بن روح,قرامطه,شلمغانى,ابن‏الفرات,غالیان}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6431.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6431_6ff055c72481b377d9526c4c2701b4fe.pdf} } @article { author = {Chelongar, Mohammad Ali}, title = {Economic Reasons and Causes for Inclination towards the Fatimids in al ه Ifrighiyyah and al ه Maghrib}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {85-106}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Many reasons and causes led to the establishment of the Fatimid Khilafah in al ه Ifrighiyyah )Muslim Africa( in 792 AH. Among all such reasons, economic ones have not been taken very seriously by historians though the significance of such causes is by no means any less than the importance of other sets of foctors involved here. In this Paper, the economic conditions of the time and the role they played in the establishment of the Fatimid Khilafah are investigated. Part of such economic causes is related to the prevailing conditions in Ifrighiyyah and Maghrib in the second half of the 3rd century AH and some others are related to the Fatimids' own activities in the period of their invitation and call to rising. Both of these categories of causes are discussed in this article.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {زمینه‏ها و علل اقتصادى گرایش به فاطمیان‏ در افریقیه و مغرب‏}, abstract_fa = {تشکیل خلافت فاطمیان به سال 297 قمرى در افریقیه عوامل و زمینه‏هاى متعددى داشته است. در بین این عوامل، زمینه‏هاى اقتصادى کم تر مورد توجه قرار گرفته است؛ در حالى که اهمّیّت آن کم تر از عوامل دیگر نیست. در این مقاله اوضاع اقتصادى و نقش آن در تشکیل خلافت فاطمیان بررسى مى‏شود. برخى از عوامل اقتصادىِ تأثیر گذار بر تشکیل خلافت فاطمى، به اوضاعِ افریقیه و مغرب در نیمه‏ى دوم قرن سوم قمرى و بخشى به عملکرد فاطمیان در دوران دعوت و قیام باز مى‏گردد که در این مقاله هر دو دسته عوامل مورد بررسى قرار مى‏گیرد.}, keywords_fa = {فاطمیان,افریقیه,مغرب,دعوت,اوضاع اقتصادى}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6432.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6432_cb210e47f7c3b0744a56409f53c036ba.pdf} } @article { author = {Tahmasebi, Sasan}, title = {Karkh in the Buyid Period}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {107-124}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Karkh was the major Shصah base throughout the whole of Abbasid khilafah. At the beginning of the 4th century AH, the Shiصte Buyid dynasty used the weakness of Abbasid power and seized the opportunity to conquer Baghdad. Their entrance into the khilafah capital caused great hope and joy among the Shiah residents of Karkh, in particular because the Buyids allowed and encouraged the àshura and Ghadir ه e Khum ceremonies to be held publicly in Baghdad for the first time. But the trend did not last long. The Buyids could not continue to support the Shصah populace in Baghdad. With help from the Sunni court clerks, Turkish troops, and rogues, the Sunni Muslims, who were not happy with such ceremonies being held in Baghdad, invaded Karkh on numerous occasions and greatly damaged the neighborhood. Such incidents finally led the Shصah community of Karkh to lose hope in the Buyids and welcome the Seljuks.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {کرخ در دوره‏ ى آل‏بویه}, abstract_fa = {کرخ پایگاه مهم تشیع در سراسر قلمرو خلافت عباسى بود. در ابتداى قرن چهارم، آل‏بویه‏ى شیعى مذهب، از ضعف قدرت عباسیان استفاده کرده و بر بغداد مسلط شدند. ورود آنها به بغداد موجب شعف و امیدوارى شیعیان کرخ شد مخصوصاً این که آل‏بویه براى اولین بار مراسم عاشورا و غدیر خم را برگزار کردند. ولى این روند دوامى نداشت و آل بویه نتوانستند از شیعیان حمایت کنند. اهل سنت که از برگزارى این مراسم ناراضى بودند بارها به کمک دیوان سالاران سنّى آل بویه و سپاهیان ترک و عیّاران به محلّه‏ى کرخ حمله برده و لطمات زیادى به آن‏جا وارد کردند. این عامل موجب نا امیدى شیعیان از آل بویه و استقبال آنان از سلجوقیان شد.}, keywords_fa = {کرخ,بغداد,باب‏البصره,آل‏بویه,دیوان سالاران سنى}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6433.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6433_0717aadf6fa22109df7ddbf2417f8f71.pdf} } @article { author = {Frahani Monfared, Mahdi}, title = {Ibn Khaldun's Epistemological and Methodological Views of History}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {125-158}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {Abd ar ه Rahman Ibn Khaldun is known as the father of philosophy and history. For most of researchers who have studied Ibn Khaldun's thought, his views in theoretical philosophy and history have been more attractive. A thorough study of his Mughaddimah reveals that in addition to presenting a theoretical system to investigate the development of human communities, Ibn Khaldun offers other views that are worthy of serious attention in philosophy of history, or rather critical philosophy of history. This paper's objective is to propose that the first signs of Such discussions as critical history, historical sociology, and historical psychology can be traced back to and recognized in Ibn Khaldun's Mughaddimah.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {دیدگاه معرفت شناختى و روش شناختى ابن خلدون‏ درباره‏ى تاریخ‏}, abstract_fa = {عبدالرحمن‏بن خلدون به عنوان پدر فلسفه تاریخ شناخته شده است. براى بیش‏تر پژوهشگرانى که به بررسى اندیشه‏هاى ابن خلدون پرداخته‏اند، دیدگاه‏هاى او در عرصه فلسفه نظرى تاریخ جاذبه بیش‏ترى داشته است. بررسى دقیق مقدمه نشان مى‏دهد که ابن خلدون افزون بر ارایه یک نظام نظرى براى بررسى چگونگى تحول جوامع انسانى، دیدگاه‏هایى را مطرح مى‏کند که در چارچوب فلسفه علم تاریخ یا فلسفه انتقادى تاریخ در خور بررسى است. این نوشتار بر آن است که نخستین بارقه‏هاى مباحثى چون تاریخ انتقادى، جامعه‏شناسى تاریخى و روان‏شناسى تاریخى در مقدمه قابل جستجو و شناسایى است.}, keywords_fa = {ابن خلدون,فلسفه‏ى نظرى تاریخ,فلسفه علم تاریخ}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6434.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6434_aaffaf4273c80be6fa614dfe508f57c7.pdf} } @article { author = {Takmil Homayoon, Naser}, title = {The Role of the Shiah in the Political Movemonts of the Ghizilbash Sufis}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {159-194}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The nomadic tribes and clans who inhabited Azerbijan, Arran, and Asia Minor, gradually turned to Shصah Islam. They, who had been bred in the sufi order of Ardabil from the time of Shaikh Safi ه ed ه Din Ardabili onwards, rose to defend their sufi order called Safaviyyeh )or the Safavids(. Later, they slowly inclined toward Politics and government distancing themselves from their original spiritual ideals. By establishing the Ghizilbash Union,they created their idealogical and military base. Then, by strengthening it, they succeeded to put on the throne Shah Esmail I as the founder of the Safavid dynasty. This historic event which was in line with lvan's unity and national identity was welcomed by the lranian public and finally spread the Safavid reign all over the country. Nevertheless,as all other dynasties, that at first come to power on a wave of ideal principles and then fall short of their early ideological aspirations, the Ghizilbash also was in the end overtaken by the luster of power and wealth. They interfered in social and political issues to such an extent that caused social unrest and their own final disintegration.Hence,Shah Abbas I pracically dissolved their union and yet, by substituting it whit a new organization called the Shahsavan,continued to give the Safavid monarchy the military protection it already enjoyed, in a different way.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {نقش تشیّع در جنبش‏هاى سیاسى صوفیان قزلباش}, abstract_fa = {ایلات و عشایر آذربایجان و اران و آسیاى صغیر که اندک اندک به تشیّع رو آورده و در خانقاه صوفیان اردبیل از شیخ صفى الدین اردبیلى به این سو پرورش یافته بودند به دفاع از این سلسله صوفیه (صفویه) برخاستند. آنان به تدریج از جنبه‏ى معنوى به سیاست و حکومت‏گرى کشیده شده و با تشکیل اتحادیه‏ى قزلباش پایگاه عقیدتى و نظامى خود را پدید آورده و به مرور با تقویت آن توانستند شاه اسماعیل صفوى را به پادشاهى برسانند. این امر تاریخى که هویت و وحدت ایران را نیز در برداشت در جامعه مقبولیت یافت و نهایتاً سلطنت صفویه، ایران‏گیر شد. اما به سان تمام سلسله‏ها که در آغاز با اندیشه و آرمان به حکومت مى‏رسند و آنگاه از پایگاه‏هاى اصلى ایدئولوژیک خود دور مى‏شوند، قزلباش نیز محو قدرت و نعمت گردید و در مسایل سیاسى و اجتماعى آن چنان دخالت کرد که سرانجام به آشوب و متلاشى شدن انجامید؛ به گونه‏اى که شاه عباس اول آن اتحادیه را در عمل منحل کرد و با تشکیل سازمان شاهسون به گونه‏ى دیگر، سلطنت صفویه را در پناه نظامى‏گرى قرار داد.}, keywords_fa = {اسلام,تشیع,تصوف,قزلباش,صفویه}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6435.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6435_e2b95731c8be02e640b76af3d9644f3c.pdf} } @article { author = {Provencal, Louis and Mokhber Dezfuli, Fahimeh}, title = {The Sharifs}, journal = {History of Islam}, volume = {4}, number = {شماره 1 - بهار - مسلسل 13}, pages = {195-203}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Baqir al-Olum University}, issn = {2008-6431}, eissn = {2783-414X}, doi = {}, abstract = {The sharifs were Alawites who were always respected by the community they lived in throughout Muslim lands. They also managed to establish major government dynasties in the Muslim World throughout history. The sharifs are divided into Several branches the most important of which are the Hasani and the Husayni. The Hasani Sharifs, Whose ancestry goes back to Hasan al ه Muthanna, succeeded in establishing the Idrisid dynasty in the Muslim West )in their case, in Morocco(. The Husayni sharifs, Whose genealogical line goes back to Imam Jؤfar ibn Muhammad as ه Sadigh, were declared by the Fatimids to be their ancestors. This paper is a translation of the entry, "Sharif", in Encyclopedia Islam )Second edition( written by the wellknown French orientalist, Louis Provencal while investigating the genealogical lines of different sharif branches, Provencal has discussed major works attributed to them. In the paper before you, the sharif bibliography is of much importance to researchers and investigators of this field.}, keywords = {}, title_fa = {شُرَفا}, abstract_fa = {شُرَفا، علویانى بودند که در سرزمین‏هاى اسلامى همواره مورد احترام مردم بوده و موفق به تشکیل دول مهمى در جهان اسلام شدند. شرفا به شاخه‏هاى مختلف تقسیم شدند که مهم‏ترین آنها شرفاى حسنى و حسینى‏اند. شرفاى حسنى از نسل حسن مثنى بوده که موفق به تشکیل دولت ادریسیان در مغرب شدند. شرفاى حسینى از نسل امام صادق‏علیه السلام بوده که فاطمیان خود را به ایشان منتسب مى‏کردند. مطلب حاضر، ترجمه مقاله‏ى شرفا از دائرةالمعارف اسلام (چاپ دوم) است که توسط لوى پروونسال مستشرق مشهور فرانسوى نوشته شده است. وى ضمن بررسى تبارشناسانه شاخه‏هاى مختلف شرفا آثار مهم مربوط به آنان را معرفى کرده است. کتابشناسى شرفا، در مقاله حاضر، جهت محققین و پژوهشگران در این زمینه حائز اهمیت است‏}, keywords_fa = {شرفا,حسنى,حسینى,تبارشناسى,ادریسیان,فاطمیان}, url = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6436.html}, eprint = {https://hiq.bou.ac.ir/article_6436_b97910d09cc90814bee524654453046a.pdf} }